Nan Cross (3 January 1928 – 14 July 2007) was a South African
anti-apartheid and anti-
conscription
Conscription (also called the draft in the United States) is the state-mandated enlistment of people in a national service, mainly a military service. Conscription dates back to antiquity and it continues in some countries to the present day un ...
activist.
Early life
Cross was born in
Pretoria
Pretoria () is South Africa's administrative capital, serving as the seat of the Executive (government), executive branch of government, and as the host to all foreign embassies to South Africa.
Pretoria straddles the Apies River and extends ...
, South Africa before the
Apartheid
Apartheid (, especially South African English: , ; , "aparthood") was a system of institutionalised racial segregation that existed in South Africa and South West Africa (now Namibia) from 1948 to the early 1990s. Apartheid was ...
era, when racial segregation was less formalised.
Her father worked as a lawyer for the
Pretoria City Council. Cross was a lifelong member of the
Baptist Church
Baptists form a major branch of Protestantism distinguished by baptizing professing Christian believers only (believer's baptism), and doing so by complete immersion. Baptist churches also generally subscribe to the doctrines of soul compete ...
,
[ though the church had no history of social activism.
She graduated from ]Pretoria Girls' High School
Pretoria High School for Girls (Simply often known as PHSG), is a full-government, fee-charging, English-medium high school for girls located in Hatfield, Pretoria in the Gauteng province of South Africa. It is the sister school to Pretoria Boys ...
.[ She graduated from ]Rhodes University
Rhodes University is a public university, public research university located in Makhanda, Eastern Cape, Makhanda (Grahamstown) in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. It is one of four universities in the province. Established in 1904, ...
with a degree in social science
Social science is one of the branches of science, devoted to the study of societies and the relationships among individuals within those societies. The term was formerly used to refer to the field of sociology, the original "science of soc ...
.[ Cross was a social worker by profession.
]
Social activism
Cross worked held a number of positions at various projects during her career as a social worker. She actively worked African Children's Feeding Scheme.[ On 16 June 1976, Cross was working in ]Soweto
Soweto () is a township of the City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality in Gauteng, South Africa, bordering the city's mining belt in the south. Its name is an English syllabic abbreviation for ''South Western Townships''. Formerly a s ...
for the Johannesburg City Council, which ran the Orlando sheltered employment workshop.[ She became trapped by the start of the Soweto uprising against the Apartheid-era South African government. She described her escape from the Soweto ]riots
A riot is a form of civil disorder commonly characterized by a group lashing out in a violent public disturbance against authority, property, or people.
Riots typically involve destruction of property, public or private. The property targeted ...
as a "terrifying experience."[
She was described as quietly, but bravely, committed to ]social justice
Social justice is justice in terms of the distribution of wealth, opportunities, and privileges within a society. In Western and Asian cultures, the concept of social justice has often referred to the process of ensuring that individuals fu ...
.[
Cross was a resident of Kensington, Johannesburg. Her home in Kensington was often used as a meeting place for anti-apartheid and anti-conscription activists.][
]
Conscientious objectors movement
South Africa introduced universal military conscription
Conscription (also called the draft in the United States) is the state-mandated enlistment of people in a national service, mainly a military service. Conscription dates back to antiquity and it continues in some countries to the present day und ...
for young white South African males in 1967.[ The penalties for refusing to serve could be severe. Originally, the penalties for refusing service ranged from 10 to 12 months in prison when the law was initially created. The jail sentence for ]conscientious objectors
A conscientious objector (often shortened to conchie) is an "individual who has claimed the right to refuse to perform military service" on the grounds of freedom of thought, conscience, or religion. The term has also been extended to object ...
was later increased to six years by 1983.[ The anti-consciption movement was largely confined to South African "]peace church
Peace churches are Christian churches, groups or communities advocating Christian pacifism or Biblical nonresistance. The term historic peace churches refers specifically only to three church groups among pacifist churches:
* Church of the Brethr ...
es," such as the Jehovah's Witnesses
Jehovah's Witnesses is a millenarian restorationist Christian denomination with nontrinitarian beliefs distinct from mainstream Christianity. The group reports a worldwide membership of approximately 8.7 million adherents involved in ...
, until the very late 1970s, when other activists, such as Nan Cross, began to campaign against the draft
Draft, The Draft, or Draught may refer to:
Watercraft dimensions
* Draft (hull), the distance from waterline to keel of a vessel
* Draft (sail), degree of curvature in a sail
* Air draft, distance from waterline to the highest point on a vessel ...
.
Cross became active in the movement in the very early 1980s. In 1980, Cross helped to found an organisation called the Conscientious Objector Support Group
The Conscientious Objector Support Group (COSG), a support group to conscientious objectors (COs) in South Africa, was formed in 1978. The organisation grew in the context of South African resistance to war, at the time of Apartheid.
COs at the ti ...
.[ She would later become a founding member of the ]End Conscription Campaign
The End Conscription Campaign was an anti-apartheid organisation allied to the United Democratic Front and composed of conscientious objectors and their supporters in South Africa. It was formed in 1983 to oppose the conscription of all white ...
in 1983[ as the conscientious objectors movement slowly began to gain increased support.
She and her supporters offered both practical and ]moral support
Moral support is a way of giving support to a person or cause, or to one side in a conflict, without making any contribution beyond the emotional or psychological value of the encouragement by supporting them.
For example, in a war between two c ...
to South Africa's conscientious objectors. She was applauded by the anti-conscription activists for her stance against the government. Her actions were not as well received by the South African government. She was interrogated several times in her Kensington home by South African Security Police, though never officially detained.[ Her home was also broken into several times during the 1980s. It is believed the burglaries were perpetrated by the security police. Cross and her allies were even spied upon by the police during their meetings. This came to light when a member of her conscientious objectors ]support group
In a support group, members provide each other with various types of help, usually nonprofessional and nonmaterial, for a particular shared, usually burdensome, characteristic. Members with the same issues can come together for sharing coping str ...
was found to be a spy for the police.[
Cross was not a very visible ]public figure
A public figure is a person who has achieved notoriety, prominence or fame within a society, whether through achievement, luck, action, or in some cases through no purposeful action of their own,
In the context of defamation actions (libel and s ...
for the movement and usually stayed out of the public eye. She preferred to work behind the scenes to accomplish her goals of abolishing conscription. She and her volunteers worked to actively assist South Africa's conscientious objectors with their legal difficulties. She often authored pamphlets
A pamphlet is an unbound book (that is, without a hard cover or binding). Pamphlets may consist of a single sheet of paper that is printed on both sides and folded in half, in thirds, or in fourths, called a ''leaflet'' or it may consist of a ...
to spread the news of her cause.[ She often helped objectors write their appeals arguing against serving in South Africa's military. Cross visited jailed objectors and worked to counsel and support their families.][
She worked helped to rally support for the anti-conscription movement by the late 1980s. South African young white males began to question their mandatory military service and increasingly saw it as an immoral war to defend apartheid.][ Cross helped almost 2000 young men apply for military conscription exclusion to the ]Board for Religious Objectors
Board or Boards may refer to:
Flat surface
* Lumber, or other rigid material, milled or sawn flat
** Plank (wood)
** Cutting board
** Sounding board, of a musical instrument
* Cardboard (paper product)
* Paperboard
* Fiberboard
** Hardboard, a ...
.[ Many more left South Africa to avoid the forced ]military service
Military service is service by an individual or group in an army or other militia, air forces, and naval forces, whether as a chosen job (volunteer) or as a result of an involuntary draft (conscription).
Some nations (e.g., Mexico) require a ...
. Their numbers steadily increased by the end of the decade. In 1987, there were 23 conscientious objectors.[ The number of objectors rose to 143 in 1988 and increased very rapidly in 1989, reaching a high of 771 objectors.][
Conscription was ultimately ended in 1993.
]
Arms trade
Cross also founded the Ceasefire Campaign in 1994.[ The Ceasefire Campaign has worked for an end to participation in the ]arms trade Arms trade may refer to:
*the global markets for any product of the arms industry
*Small arms trade
*Illegal arms trade (arms trafficking)
See also
*Arms Trade Treaty
*Arms control
*Nuclear proliferation
*Chemical weapon proliferation
*Arms race
* ...
by the government of South Africa.
She was known to be more public with her campaign to end the arms trade. She once climbed a tank
A tank is an armoured fighting vehicle intended as a primary offensive weapon in front-line ground combat. Tank designs are a balance of heavy firepower, strong armour, and good battlefield mobility provided by tracks and a powerful engin ...
at a South African weapons exhibition and attached stickers
A sticker is a type of label: a piece of printed paper, plastic, vinyl, or other material with temporary or permanent pressure sensitive adhesive on one side. It can be used for decoration or for functional purposes, depending on the situation. ...
to it which read, "''Arms are for hugging, not killing''".[
]
Later life
Cross remained involved in activist causes well into her 70s.[ She briefly returned to work before her retirement in order to earn a better pension. She worked with the ]Johannesburg
Johannesburg ( , , ; Zulu and xh, eGoli ), colloquially known as Jozi, Joburg, or "The City of Gold", is the largest city in South Africa, classified as a megacity, and is one of the 100 largest urban areas in the world. According to Demo ...
library service to deliver books to the homebound and elderly.[
She died at Nazareth House in ]Yeoville
Yeoville is an inner city neighbourhood of Johannesburg, in the province of Gauteng, South Africa. It is located in Region F (previously Region 8). It is widely known and celebrated for its diverse, pan-African population but notorious for it ...
, Johannesburg
Johannesburg ( , , ; Zulu and xh, eGoli ), colloquially known as Jozi, Joburg, or "The City of Gold", is the largest city in South Africa, classified as a megacity, and is one of the 100 largest urban areas in the world. According to Demo ...
, South Africa. She was 79 years old.[ Cross's health had deteriorated in the months before her death. However, she was honoured by family and friends at a ]tea party
A tea party is a social gathering event held in the afternoon. For centuries, many societies have cherished drinking tea with a company at noon. Tea parties are considered for formal business meetings, social celebrations or just as an afternoon ...
just a week before her death.[ Nan Cross never married. She was survived by two sisters, Betty and Marjorie, and her nieces and nephews.][
Laura Pollecutt, acting coordinator of the Ceasefire Campaign, said of Nan Cross,
]
"''She was a tiny little woman, but she wasn't afraid of anything. She kept us all going...if we became a little battle-fatigued ... she was there for us...Many of the young men who became conscientious objectors drew inspiration and strength from her. She regularly attended court when the law came down on them and gave support and solace to their families...Her ability to integrate her religious faith with her commitment to social justice and non-violence drew her into anti-apartheid activity. She had a strong personality and an incredibly sharp and honed intellect''."[
]
References
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cross, Nan
1928 births
2007 deaths
Anti-apartheid activists
South African Baptists
People from Johannesburg
South African activists
South African women activists
Rhodes University alumni
South African anti-conscription activists
20th-century Baptists
Women civil rights activists