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Jogaila, later
Władysław II Jagiełło
Jogaila (; 1 June 1434), later Władysław II Jagiełło ()He is known under a number of names: lt, Jogaila Algirdaitis; pl, Władysław II Jagiełło; be, Jahajła (Ягайла). See also: Names and titles of Władysław II Jagiełło. ...
[For the sake of simplicity, this article uses the Lithuanian form ''Jogaila'' for the early period of his life and the Polish form ''Władysław'' for the period following his accession to the Polish throne.] (ca.1351/1361–1434), was a
Grand Duke of Lithuania
The monarchy of Lithuania concerned the monarchical head of state of Kingdom of Lithuania, Lithuania, which was established as an Absolute monarchy, absolute and hereditary monarchy. Throughout Lithuania's history there were three Duke, ducal D ...
and from 1386 King
Jadwiga
Jadwiga (; diminutives: ''Jadzia'' , ''Iga'') is a Polish feminine given name. It originated from the old German feminine given name ''Hedwig'' (variants of which include ''Hedwiga''), which is compounded from ''hadu'', "battle", and ''wig'', "fig ...
's husband and ''
jure uxoris''
King of Poland. In Lithuania, he held the title ''Didysis
Kunigaikštis'', translated as
Grand Duke or
Grand Prince
Grand prince or great prince (feminine: grand princess or great princess) ( la, magnus princeps; Greek: ''megas archon''; russian: великий князь, velikiy knyaz) is a title of nobility ranked in honour below emperor, equal of king ...
(''kunigaikštis'' is a cognate of ''König'' and ''king'', and ''didysis'' magnifies it).
He is known under a number of names: lt, Jogaila Algirdaitis; pl, Władysław II Jagiełło; be, Jahajła (Ягайла). As a monarch who ruled two states under different names and who used a number of titles, particularly in Lithuania, Jogaila has been accorded a variety of designations in history books. The study of his names and titles sheds light on the nature of sovereignty in both Lithuania and Poland and on the balance of power between the two states in the early days of the
Polish-Lithuanian unions.
Ruler of Lithuania
Jogaila's father
Algirdas was supreme ruler of Lithuania and ruled the country with his brother,
Kęstutis
Kęstutis ( la, Kinstut, ; – 3 or 15 August 1382) was the Grand Duke of Lithuania. He was the Duke of Trakai and governed the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, 1342–1382, together with his brother Algirdas (until 1377), and with his nephew Jogaila ...
, the Duke of
Trakai
Trakai (; see names section for alternative and historic names) is a historic town and lake resort in Lithuania. It lies west of Vilnius, the capital of Lithuania. Because of its proximity to Vilnius, Trakai is a popular tourist destination. ...
; after Algirdas's death in 1377, his son Jogaila ruled in the same way with Kęstutis, but this arrangement between the two relatives soon came under strain.
Jogaila began his reign in the eastern part of Lithuania, the duchy where his father had ruled, which bordered on territories of former
Kievan Rus
Kievan Rusʹ, also known as Kyivan Rusʹ ( orv, , Rusĭ, or , , ; Old Norse: ''Garðaríki''), was a state in Eastern Europe, Eastern and Northern Europe from the late 9th to the mid-13th century.John Channon & Robert Hudson, ''Penguin Hist ...
, and he left the government of the western duchy to his uncle Kęstutis, who ruled from his
castle at Trakai. Jogaila ruled many more Russian subjects than Lithuanian, and his titles often reflected this. The tradition of
coregency
A coregency is the situation where a monarchical position (such as prince, princess, king, queen, emperor or empress), normally held by only a single person, is held by two or more. It is to be distinguished from diarchies or duumvirates such ...
among Lithuanian rulers enabled them to simultaneously pursue a western policy towards Poland and the
Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights
The State of the Teutonic Order (german: Staat des Deutschen Ordens, ; la, Civitas Ordinis Theutonici; lt, Vokiečių ordino valstybė; pl, Państwo zakonu krzyżackiego), also called () or (), was a medieval Crusader state, located in Cen ...
and an eastern one towards the Russian powers, for example the
Principality of Moscow
The Grand Duchy of Moscow, Muscovite Russia, Muscovite Rus' or Grand Principality of Moscow (russian: Великое княжество Московское, Velikoye knyazhestvo Moskovskoye; also known in English simply as Muscovy from the Lati ...
, the
Novgorod Republic
The Novgorod Republic was a medieval state that existed from the 12th to 15th centuries, stretching from the Gulf of Finland in the west to the northern Ural Mountains in the east, including the city of Novgorod and the Lake Ladoga regions of mod ...
, and the
Pskov Republic
Pskov ( la, Plescoviae), known at various times as the Principality of Pskov (russian: Псковское княжество, ) or the Pskov Republic (russian: Псковская Республика, ), was a medieval state on the south shore of ...
. The
Principality of Moscow
The Grand Duchy of Moscow, Muscovite Russia, Muscovite Rus' or Grand Principality of Moscow (russian: Великое княжество Московское, Velikoye knyazhestvo Moskovskoye; also known in English simply as Muscovy from the Lati ...
, especially after
Prince Dmitri's defeat of the
Golden Horde
The Golden Horde, self-designated as Ulug Ulus, 'Great State' in Turkic, was originally a Mongol and later Turkicized khanate established in the 13th century and originating as the northwestern sector of the Mongol Empire. With the fragme ...
at the
Battle of Kulikovo
The Battle of Kulikovo (russian: Мамаево побоище, Донское побоище, Куликовская битва, битва на Куликовом поле) was fought between the armies of the Golden Horde, under the command ...
in 1380, posed a particular threat to Lithuania and Jogaila's rule.
Though Jogaila was much younger than Kęstutis, he inherited the title "Grand Duke", while Kęstutis continued to hold the title "Duke of Trakai". But then, in 1380, Kęstutis overthrew Jogaila and assumed the title of Grand Duke for himself.
Kęstutis seized Vilnius, the seat of the grand dukes. A year later, Jogaila raised an army from his father's vassals and won back the title, the aging Kęstutis dying soon afterwards in the
Kreva
Kreva ( be, Крэва, ; lt, Krėva or Krẽvas; pl, Krewo; russian: Крéво) is a township in the Smarhon District of Grodno Region, Belarus. The first mention dates to the 13th century. The toponym is derived from the name of the Krivi ...
Castle under mysterious circumstances, leaving his son
Vytautas
Vytautas (c. 135027 October 1430), also known as Vytautas the Great ( Lithuanian: ', be, Вітаўт, ''Vitaŭt'', pl, Witold Kiejstutowicz, ''Witold Aleksander'' or ''Witold Wielki'' Ruthenian: ''Vitovt'', Latin: ''Alexander Vitoldus'', O ...
to continue the power struggle against Jogaila.
The tradition of dual rule had become established among the Lithuanian dukes, enabling them to contain the Teutonic Knights in the west while pursuing expansionism in the east. There had been previous joint reigns between
Dausprungas Dausprungas (also ''Dovsprunk'' in Russian sources, died before 1238) was the older brother of Mindaugas, the first King of Lithuania. Dausprungas is mentioned in the peace treaty with Galicia–Volhynia in 1219 among the 21 early dukes of Lithuan ...
and
Mindaugas
Mindaugas (german: Myndowen, la, Mindowe, orv, Мендог, be, Міндоўг, pl, Mendog, c. 1203–1263) is the first known Grand Duke of Lithuania and the only crowned King of Lithuania. Little is known of his origins, early life, or ...
,
Pukuveras and
Butigeidis,
Vytenis
Vytenis ( be, Віцень, Vicień; pl, Witenes) was the Grand Duke of Lithuania from c. 1295 to c. 1316. He became the first of the Gediminid dynasty to rule for a considerable amount of time. In the early 14th century his reputation outshon ...
and
Gediminas
Gediminas ( la, Gedeminne, ; – December 1341) was the king or Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1315 or 1316 until his death. He is credited with founding this political entity and expanding its territory which later spanned the area ranging from t ...
,
Jaunutis
Jaunutis ( pl, Jawnuta, be, Яўнут; literally ''young man''; baptized: Ioann, "Jawnuta", "John" or "Ivan"; ca. 1300 – after 1366) was the Grand Duke of Lithuania from his father Gediminas' death in 1341 until he was deposed by his elder bro ...
and Kęstutis, as well as between Algirdas and Kęstutis.
[ The nature of this Lithuanian dual rule, as also practised between Jogaila and Kęstutis and later between Jogaila and Vytautas, is difficult to define precisely. According to the historian S.C.Rowell, it "reflects political expediency; it certainly does not meet the formal definition of diarchy as 'rule by two independent authorities'...those two leaders were not equal: the grand duke in Vilnius was supreme".]
From Algirdas, Jogaila inherited a mixed array of styles, as recorded in different Catholic documents, to indicate his status as supreme ruler: the titles ''furst, herczog, rex'', and ''dux'' are preceded by the adjectives ''gross, obirster, supremus'', and ''magnus''. The Lithuanian rulers' various titles are all attempts to convey both supremacy over lower rulers, and independence of any higher ruler. The term ''kunigas'' is cognate with German ''König''.[ Algirdas, who had married ]Uliana
Uliana and Ulyana are feminine given names. People so named include:
* Uliana of Tver (c. 1325–1391), daughter of Prince Alexander of Tver and second wife of Algirdas, Grand Duke of Lithuania
* Uliana Olshanska, Grand Duchess of Lithuania from ...
, daughter of Alexander I Alexander I may refer to:
* Alexander I of Macedon, king of Macedon 495–454 BC
* Alexander I of Epirus (370–331 BC), king of Epirus
* Pope Alexander I (died 115), early bishop of Rome
* Pope Alexander I of Alexandria (died 320s), patriarch of ...
, grand prince of Tver
Tver ( rus, Тверь, p=tvʲerʲ) is a city and the administrative centre of Tver Oblast, Russia. It is northwest of Moscow. Population:
Tver was formerly the capital of a powerful medieval state and a model provincial town in the Russian ...
, had been the first Lithuanian ruler to style himself '' velikii kniaz'', a Rus'ian equivalent of his Lithuanian title, perhaps also signifying his rule in the Rus' lands under his control. He also called himself ''magnus rex'' and ''supremus princeps''.[ Rather than ''didysis kunigaikštis'', many of Jogaila's subjects would have called him '']hospodar
Hospodar or gospodar is a term of Slavonic origin, meaning "lord" or " master".
Etymology and Slavic usage
In the Slavonic language, ''hospodar'' is usually applied to the master/owner of a house or other properties and also the head of a family. ...
'', the title used, for example, by the rulers of Moldavia
Moldavia ( ro, Moldova, or , literally "The Country of Moldavia"; in Romanian Cyrillic alphabet, Romanian Cyrillic: or ; chu, Землѧ Молдавскаѧ; el, Ἡγεμονία τῆς Μολδαβίας) is a historical region and for ...
.
The medieval Lithuanian grand dukes ruled in a similar way to the Russian grand princes (the title ''didysis kunigaikštis'' is equivalent to the Russian ''velikii kniaz'', the Slavic ''kniaz'' being like the Baltic ''kunigaikštis'' a cognate of ''König''). They headed a loose confederation whose constituent parts were ruled by lesser leaders. In effect, the grand duke acted as '' primus inter pares'' within a dynasty, with other members of the dynasty ruling constituent parts of the state.
Whichever way the lesser Lithuanian princes styled themselves, they always acknowledged the supremacy of the grand-ducal office. Although a special place was reserved in the hierarchy for the two princes who ruled the Lithuanian duchies, other princes would collaborate in state matters such as the negotiation of treaties.[
]
Supremacy
When Jogaila became the king of Poland in 1386, he reserved his position as the supreme duke of Lithuania. At first he appointed his brother Skirgaila
Skirgaila ( la, Schirgalo; be, Скіргайла; pl, Skirgiełło, also known as Ivan/Iwan; ca. 1353 or 1354 – 11 January 1397 in Kiev (Kyiv); baptized 1383/1384 as ''Casimir'') was a regent of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania for his broth ...
as the duke of Trakai, (''dux Trocensis''), effectively his regent in Lithuania; but Vytautas, the son of the former duke of Trakai, Kęstutis, challenged Skirgaila with the backing of the Teutonic Order, besieged Vilnius, and reduced the outer city to ruins. In response, Władysław, as Jogaila was called after ascending the Polish throne, was forced to come to terms with Vytautas. Skirgaila stepped down as duke of Trakai and became prince of Kiev, while Vytautas not only replaced him as ''de facto'' ruler of Lithuania but was confirmed in the title of ''magnus dux'' or grand duke by the terms of the Treaty of Ostrów. However, Władysław reserved overlordship as supreme duke or prince, with the higher title of ''dux supremus''. While conceding control of the active government of Lithuania, the Polish monarchy by this treaty positioned itself as the overlord of the Lithuanian monarchy.
Vytautas himself had other intentions: though he accepted the title, he continued to demand Lithuania's complete separation from Poland. He also pursued an ambitious expansionist policy to the east, hoping to conquer Novgorod and Pskov, and he is known to have styled himself '' velikii kniaz'' or grand prince, a term borrowed from Kievan Rus'. Vytautas even had himself crowned a king by local nobles in 1398. But in 1399, his forces and those of his ally, Khan Tokhtamysh
Tokhtamysh ( kz, Тоқтамыс, tt-Cyrl, Тухтамыш, translit=Tuqtamış, fa, توقتمش),The spelling of Tokhtamysh varies, but the most common spelling is Tokhtamysh. Tokhtamısh, Toqtamysh, ''Toqtamış'', ''Toqtamıs'', ''Toktamy ...
of the White Horde
The eldest son of Genghis Khan, (who established the Mongol Empire) Jochi had several sons. When he died, they inherited their father's dominions as fiefs under the rule of their brothers, Batu Khan, as supreme khan and Orda Khan, who, although ...
, were crushed by the Timurids
The Timurid Empire ( chg, , fa, ), self-designated as Gurkani ( Chagatai: کورگن, ''Küregen''; fa, , ''Gūrkāniyān''), was a PersianateB.F. Manz, ''"Tīmūr Lang"'', in Encyclopaedia of Islam, Online Edition, 2006 Turco-Mongol empire ...
at the Battle of the Vorskla River
The Battle of the Vorskla River was a great battle in the medieval history of Eastern Europe. It was fought on August 12, 1399, between the Tatars, under Edigu and Temür Qutlugh, and the armies of Tokhtamysh and Grand Duke Vytautas of Lithuania. ...
. The defeat left him with no choice but to submit to Władysław’s overlordship once more.
Vytautas's distrust of Polish sovereignty over Lithuania may have been well founded, since Władysław had in principle signed Lithuania's independence away in 1385 in the formal act of union, by which he agreed to incorporate Lithuania into Poland. The Union of Vilnius and Radom
The Pact of Vilnius and Radom ( pl, Unia wileńsko-radomska, lt, Vilniaus-Radomo sutartis) was a set of three acts passed in Vilnius, Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and confirmed by the Crown Council in Radom, Kingdom of Poland in 1401. The union ame ...
of 1401 reaffirmed Vytautas's tenure as grand duke under Władysław's overlordship, but it assured the title of grand duke to Władysław's heirs rather than to those of Vytautas: if Władysław died without heirs, the Lithuanian boyars were to elect a new monarch.[Paweł Jasienica, p 103-105] Since neither Władysław nor Vytautas had yet produced an heir, the implications of the act were unforeseeable.
Władysław had to wait until Vytautas finally died without an heir in 1430 to exercise his power over the Lithuanian succession, when he made the mistake of choosing his troublesome brother Švitrigaila as the new grand duke of Lithuania. Within two years Švitrigaila rebelled and, like Vytautas before him, sought to break away from Polish overlordship and reign as an independent grand duke of Lithuania. Władysław was obliged to replace him with Vytautas's brother Žygimantas, whom he ordered to restore the union by force. The struggle over the Lithuanian succession was to continue long after Władysław's death culminating with the Battle of Wiłkomierz
The Battle of Wiłkomierz (see other names) took place on September 1, 1435, near Ukmergė in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. With the help of military units from the Kingdom of Poland, the forces of Grand Duke Sigismund Kęstutaitis soundly defea ...
.
King of Poland
As King of Poland, Jogaila assumed the Slavic name Władysław, which roughly translates as "glorious ruler" and is often Latinised as either Wladislaus or Ladislaus. The choice evoked both Władysław I Łokietek
Władysław I Łokietek, in English known as the "Elbow-high" or Ladislaus the Short (c. 1260/12 March 1333), was King of Poland from 1320 to 1333, and duke of several of the provinces and principalities in the preceding years. He was a member of ...
, ''the Elbow-high'', who unified the kingdom a century before, and Saint Ladislaus I of Hungary
Ladislaus I ( hu, László, hr, Ladislav, sk, Ladislav, pl, Władysław; 1040 – 29 July 1095), also known as Saint Ladislas, was King of Hungary from 1077 and King of Croatia from 1091. He was the second son of King Béla I of Hungary and ...
, a king who had sided with the pope against the empire and Christianised Transylvania
Transylvania ( ro, Ardeal or ; hu, Erdély; german: Siebenbürgen) is a historical and cultural region in Central Europe, encompassing central Romania. To the east and south its natural border is the Carpathian Mountains, and to the west the Ap ...
.
The Polish monarchy, unlike that of Lithuania, was not hereditary, though in practice the nobles, who possessed the right to elect the monarch, were happy to observe the principles of heredity in return for concessions and privileges. Władysław at first ruled as a co-monarch with Queen Jadwiga
Jadwiga (; 1373 or 137417 July 1399), also known as Hedwig ( hu, Hedvig), was the first woman to be crowned as monarch of the Kingdom of Poland. She reigned from 16 October 1384 until her death. She was the youngest daughter of Louis the Great ...
, who had been crowned not as a queen but as a king (''Rex Poloniae'') because the Polish political system made no provision for a queen regnant. Jadwiga's death in 1399 jeopardised Władysław's position on the throne, so he married Anna of Celje
Anna of Cilli or Anne of Celje (1386 – 21 May 1416) was Queen of Poland (1402–1416). She was the second wife of Jogaila (Władysław II Jagiełło), King of Poland and Supreme Duke of Lithuania (reigned 1387–1434). Their marriage was po ...
, a granddaughter of Casimir III of Poland from the Piast dynasty, a political marriage that confirmed his tenure of the Polish crown.
Titles
Versions in various languages:
Lithuanian title in Latin: Breviary excerpts from a Latin document in 1383: ''Nos Jagalo divina deliberacione magnus Rex vel dux litwanorum, Russieque dominus et here''.[Benediktas Vytenis Mačiuika, ''Lituanistikos instituto 1975 metų suvažiavimo darbai'', 1976, Lituanistikos institutas (U.S.)] (His grandfather Gediminas had added ''rex, princeps et dux Semigallie'' to his style).[
From a German document, 1380: ''Wir Jagel obirster kung der Littouwen''.
From a German document, 1382, with his brother ]Skirgaila
Skirgaila ( la, Schirgalo; be, Скіргайла; pl, Skirgiełło, also known as Ivan/Iwan; ca. 1353 or 1354 – 11 January 1397 in Kiev (Kyiv); baptized 1383/1384 as ''Casimir'') was a regent of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania for his broth ...
: ''Wir Jagal von gotis gnaden grosir konig czu lyttauwen und wir Skirgal Hertzog zcu Tracken, gebrudere''.
Polish title in Latin: ''Wladislaus Dei gracia rex Polonie necnon terrarum Cracovie, Sandomirie, Syradia, Lancicie, Cuiavie, Lithuanie princeps supremus, Pomoranie Russieque dominus et heres etc.'' [Leon Koczy, ''University of Cracow: Documents Concerning Its Origins'', 1966, General Sikorski
Historical Institute.]
*English translation: ''Vladislaus by God's grace king of Poland
Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. It is divided into 16 administrative provinces called voivodeships, covering an area of . Poland has a population of over 38 million and is the fifth-most populou ...
, and lands of Kraków
Kraków (), or Cracow, is the second-largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland. Situated on the Vistula River in Lesser Poland Voivodeship, the city dates back to the seventh century. Kraków was the official capital of Poland until 1596 ...
, Sandomierz
Sandomierz (pronounced: ; la, Sandomiria) is a historic town in south-eastern Poland with 23,863 inhabitants (as of 2017), situated on the Vistula River in the Sandomierz Basin. It has been part of Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship (Holy Cross Prov ...
, Sieradz
Sieradz ( la, Siradia, yi, שעראַדז, שערעדז, שעריץ, german: 1941-45 Schieratz) is a city on the Warta river in central Poland with 40,891 inhabitants (2021). It is the seat of the Sieradz County, situated in the Łódź Voivode ...
, Łęczyca
Łęczyca (; in full the Royal Town of Łęczyca, pl, Królewskie Miasto Łęczyca; german: Lentschitza; he, לונטשיץ) is a town of 13,786 inhabitants () in central Poland. Situated in the Łódź Voivodeship, it is the county seat of the ...
, Kuyavia
Kuyavia ( pl, Kujawy; german: Kujawien; la, Cuiavia), also referred to as Cuyavia, is a historical region in north-central Poland, situated on the left bank of Vistula, as well as east from Noteć River and Lake Gopło. It is divided into three ...
, supreme-prince of Lithuania, lord and heir of Pomerania
Pomerania ( pl, Pomorze; german: Pommern; Kashubian: ''Pòmòrskô''; sv, Pommern) is a historical region on the southern shore of the Baltic Sea in Central Europe, split between Poland and Germany. The western part of Pomerania belongs to ...
and Ruthenia, etc.''.
*Polish translation: ''Władysław, z Bożej łaski król Polski, ziemi krakowskiej, sandomierskiej, sieradzkiej, łęczyckiej, kujawskiej, Wielki Książe Litewski, pan i dziedzic Pomorza i Rusi, etc''.
*Lithuanian translation: ''Vladislovas, Dievo valia karalius Lenkijos ir žemių Krokuvos, Sandomiro, Sieradžo, Lenčycos, Kujavijos, Lietuvos didysis kunigaikštis, Pomeranijos ir Rusios valdovas ir paveldėtojas, etc.''.
*Belarusian translation: ''Уладзіслаў, з Божай ласкі кароль польскі, зямлі кракаўскай, сандамерскай, серадзкай, лучыцкай, куяўскай, князь літоўскі, пан і дзедзіч паморскі і рускі, etc''.
See also
*Coregency
A coregency is the situation where a monarchical position (such as prince, princess, king, queen, emperor or empress), normally held by only a single person, is held by two or more. It is to be distinguished from diarchies or duumvirates such ...
*Diarchy
Diarchy (from ancient Greek, Greek , ''di-'', "double", and , ''-arkhía'', "ruled"),Occasionally misspelled ''dyarchy'', as in the ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'' article on the colonial British institution duarchy, or duumvirate (from Latin ', ...
*Grand Prince
Grand prince or great prince (feminine: grand princess or great princess) ( la, magnus princeps; Greek: ''megas archon''; russian: великий князь, velikiy knyaz) is a title of nobility ranked in honour below emperor, equal of king ...
* Grand Duke
*Hospodar
Hospodar or gospodar is a term of Slavonic origin, meaning "lord" or " master".
Etymology and Slavic usage
In the Slavonic language, ''hospodar'' is usually applied to the master/owner of a house or other properties and also the head of a family. ...
* Polish monarchs
*Skirgaila
Skirgaila ( la, Schirgalo; be, Скіргайла; pl, Skirgiełło, also known as Ivan/Iwan; ca. 1353 or 1354 – 11 January 1397 in Kiev (Kyiv); baptized 1383/1384 as ''Casimir'') was a regent of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania for his broth ...
*Vytautas the Great
Vytautas (c. 135027 October 1430), also known as Vytautas the Great ( Lithuanian: ', be, Вітаўт, ''Vitaŭt'', pl, Witold Kiejstutowicz, ''Witold Aleksander'' or ''Witold Wielki'' Ruthenian: ''Vitovt'', Latin: ''Alexander Vitoldus'', O ...
Notes
References
*
*
*
*
* Mačiuika, Benediktas Vytenis, ''Lituanistikos instituto 1975 metų suvažiavimo darbai'', 1976, Lituanistikos institutas (U.S.)
* Raczyński, Edward (ed)
''Kodex dyplomatyczny Litwy''
1845, nakładem Zygmunta Schlettera.
*Rowell, S.C. (2000), ''Baltic Europe'', i
''The New Cambridge Medieval History'', ed. Michael Jones, Cambridge University Press.
*Rowell, S.C. (1994)
''Lithuania Ascending: A Pagan Empire Within East-central Europe, 1295-1345''
Cambridge University Press,
*
{{DEFAULTSORT:Names and titles of Wladyslaw II Jagiello
Jagiellonian dynasty
14th-century Polish monarchs
15th-century Polish monarchs
Polish noble titles
Wladyslaw