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is the capital and the largest
city A city is a human settlement of notable size.Goodall, B. (1987) ''The Penguin Dictionary of Human Geography''. London: Penguin.Kuper, A. and Kuper, J., eds (1996) ''The Social Science Encyclopedia''. 2nd edition. London: Routledge. It can be def ...
of Nagasaki Prefecture on the island of
Kyushu is the third-largest island of Japan's five main islands and the most southerly of the four largest islands ( i.e. excluding Okinawa). In the past, it has been known as , and . The historical regional name referred to Kyushu and its surroun ...
in
Japan Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formally , ''Nihonkoku'') is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, while extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north ...
. It became the sole port used for trade with the Portuguese and Dutch during the 16th through 19th centuries. The Hidden Christian Sites in the Nagasaki Region have been recognized and included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. Part of Nagasaki was home to a major Imperial Japanese Navy base during the First Sino-Japanese War and Russo-Japanese War. Near the end of World War II, the American
atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki The United States detonated two atomic bombs over the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on 6 and 9 August 1945, respectively. The two bombings killed between 129,000 and 226,000 people, most of whom were civilians, and remain the onl ...
made Nagasaki the second and, to date, last city in the world to experience a
nuclear attack Nuclear warfare, also known as atomic warfare, is a theoretical military conflict or prepared political strategy that deploys nuclear weaponry. Nuclear weapons are weapons of mass destruction; in contrast to conventional warfare, nuclear wa ...
(at 11:02 am, August 9, 1945 'Japan Standard Time (UTC+9)'). , the city has an estimated population of 407,624 and a population density of 1,004 people per km2. The total area is .


History


Nagasaki as a Jesuit port of call

The first contact with Portuguese explorers occurred in 1543. An early visitor was Fernão Mendes Pinto, who came from Sagres on a Portuguese ship which landed nearby in Tanegashima. Soon after, Portuguese ships started sailing to Japan as regular trade freighters, thus increasing the contact and trade relations between Japan and the rest of the world, and particularly with mainland China, with whom Japan had previously severed its commercial and political ties, mainly due to a number of incidents involving wokou piracy in the South China Sea, with the Portuguese now serving as intermediaries between the two East Asian neighbors. Despite the mutual advantages derived from these trading contacts, which would soon be acknowledged by all parties involved, the lack of a proper seaport in
Kyūshū is the third-largest island of Japan's five main islands and the most southerly of the four largest islands ( i.e. excluding Okinawa). In the past, it has been known as , and . The historical regional name referred to Kyushu and its surround ...
for the purpose of harboring foreign ships posed a major problem for both merchants and the Kyushu '' daimyōs'' (feudal lords) who expected to collect great advantages from the trade with the Portuguese. In the meantime, Spanish Jesuit missionary
St. Francis Xavier Francis Xavier (born Francisco de Jasso y Azpilicueta; Latin: ''Franciscus Xaverius''; Basque: ''Frantzisko Xabierkoa''; French: ''François Xavier''; Spanish: ''Francisco Javier''; Portuguese: ''Francisco Xavier''; 7 April 15063 December 15 ...
arrived in Kagoshima, South Kyūshū, in 1549. After a somewhat fruitful two-year sojourn in Japan, he left for China in 1552 but died soon afterwards.Diego Pacheco. "Xavier and Tanegashima." ''Monumenta Nipponica'', Vol. 29, No. 4 (Winter, 1974), pp. 477–480 His followers who remained behind converted a number of ''daimyōs''. The most notable among them was Ōmura Sumitada. In 1569, Ōmura granted a permit for the establishment of a port with the purpose of harboring Portuguese ships in Nagasaki, which was finally set up in 1571, under the supervision of the Jesuit missionary Gaspar Vilela and Portuguese Captain-Major Tristão Vaz de Veiga, with Ōmura's personal assistance. The little harbor village quickly grew into a diverse port city, and Portuguese products imported through Nagasaki (such as tobacco, bread, textiles and a Portuguese sponge-cake called '' castellas'') were assimilated into popular Japanese culture. Tempura derived from a popular Portuguese recipe originally known as ''
peixinhos da horta ( or ) is a traditional dish in Portuguese cuisine. The name of the dish is literally translated as "Little fishes from the garden", as it resembles small pieces of colorful fish. It was introduced to Japan by Portuguese sailors Antonio da Mota ...
'', and takes its name from the Portuguese word, 'tempero,' seasoning, and refers to the tempora quadragesima, forty days of Lent during which eating meat was forbidden, another example of the enduring effects of this cultural exchange. The Portuguese also brought with them many goods from other Asian countries such as China. The value of Portuguese exports from Nagasaki during the 16th century were estimated to ascend to over 1,000,000 ''cruzados'', reaching as many as 3,000,000 in 1637. Due to the instability during the Sengoku period, Sumitada and Jesuit leader
Alexandro Valignano Alessandro Valignano, S.J., sometimes Valignani (Chinese: 范禮安 ''Fàn Lǐ’ān''; February 1539 – January 20, 1606), was an Italian Jesuit priest and missionary born in Chieti, part of the Kingdom of Naples, who helped supervise the ...
conceived a plan to pass administrative control over to the Society of Jesus rather than see the Catholic city taken over by a non-Catholic ''daimyō''. Thus, for a brief period after 1580, the city of Nagasaki was a Jesuit colony, under their administrative and military control. It became a refuge for Christians escaping maltreatment in other regions of Japan.Diego Paccheco, Monumenta Nipponica, 1970 In 1587, however, Toyotomi Hideyoshi's campaign to unify the country arrived in Kyūshū. Concerned with the large Christian influence in Kyūshū, Hideyoshi ordered the expulsion of all
missionaries A missionary is a member of a religious group which is sent into an area in order to promote its faith or provide services to people, such as education, literacy, social justice, health care, and economic development.Thomas Hale 'On Being a Mi ...
, and placed the city under his direct control. However, the expulsion order went largely unenforced, and the fact remained that most of Nagasaki's population remained openly practicing Catholic. In 1596, the Spanish ship '' San Felipe'' was wrecked off the coast of Shikoku, and Hideyoshi learned from its pilot that the Spanish Franciscans were the vanguard of an Iberian invasion of Japan. In response, Hideyoshi ordered the crucifixions of twenty-six Catholics in Nagasaki on February 5 of the next year (i.e. the " Twenty-six Martyrs of Japan"). Portuguese traders were not ostracized, however, and so the city continued to thrive. In 1602, Augustinian missionaries also arrived in Japan, and when Tokugawa Ieyasu took power in 1603, Catholicism was still tolerated. Many Catholic '' daimyōs'' had been critical allies at the
Battle of Sekigahara The Battle of Sekigahara (Shinjitai: ; Kyūjitai: , Hepburn romanization: ''Sekigahara no Tatakai'') was a decisive battle on October 21, 1600 (Keichō 5, 15th day of the 9th month) in what is now Gifu prefecture, Japan, at the end of ...
, and the Tokugawa position was not strong enough to move against them. Once Osaka Castle had been taken and Toyotomi Hideyoshi's offspring killed, though, the Tokugawa dominance was assured. In addition, the Dutch and English presence allowed trade without religious strings attached. Thus, in 1614, Catholicism was officially banned and all missionaries ordered to leave. Most Catholic daimyo
apostatized Apostasy (; grc-gre, ἀποστασία , 'a defection or revolt') is the formal religious disaffiliation, disaffiliation from, abandonment of, or renunciation of a religion by a person. It can also be defined within the broader context of emb ...
, and forced their subjects to do so, although a few would not renounce the religion and left the country for Macau, Luzon and Japantowns in Southeast Asia. A brutal campaign of persecution followed, with thousands of converts across Kyūshū and other parts of Japan killed, tortured, or forced to renounce their religion. Many Japanese and foreign Christians were executed by public crucifixion and burning at the stake in Nagasaki. They became known as the Martyrs of Japan and were later venerated by several
Popes The pope ( la, papa, from el, πάππας, translit=pappas, 'father'), also known as supreme pontiff ( or ), Roman pontiff () or sovereign pontiff, is the bishop of Rome (or historically the patriarch of Rome), head of the worldwide Cathol ...
. Catholicism's last gasp as an open religion and the last major military action in Japan until the Meiji Restoration was the
Shimabara Rebellion The , also known as the or , was an uprising that occurred in the Shimabara Domain of the Tokugawa Shogunate in Japan from 17 December 1637 to 15 April 1638. Matsukura Katsuie, the ''daimyō'' of the Shimabara Domain, enforced unpopular polic ...
of 1637. While there is no evidence that Europeans directly incited the rebellion, Shimabara Domain had been a Christian '' han'' for several decades, and the rebels adopted many Portuguese motifs and Christian icons. Consequently, in Tokugawa society the word "Shimabara" solidified the connection between Christianity and disloyalty, constantly used again and again in Tokugawa propaganda. The Shimabara Rebellion also convinced many policy-makers that foreign influences were more trouble than they were worth, leading to the national isolation policy. The Portuguese, who had been previously living on a specially constructed island-prison in Nagasaki harbour called Dejima, were expelled from the archipelago altogether, and the Dutch were moved from their base at Hirado into the trading island. File:Macau Trade Routes.png, Portuguese ''(green)'' and Spanish ''(yellow)'' trade routes to Macao and Nagasaki File:Nanban-Screens-by-Kano-Naizen-c1600.png, Nanban trade. The screen shows foreigners arriving at a shore of Japan.
Kano Naizen Kano may refer to: Places *Kano State, a state in Northern Nigeria *Kano (city), a city in Nigeria, and the capital of Kano State **Kingdom of Kano, a Hausa kingdom between the 10th and 14th centuries **Sultanate of Kano, a Hausa kingdom between ...
"Nanbanjin Inauguration" (right), circa. 1600


Seclusion era

The
Great Fire of Nagasaki Great may refer to: Descriptions or measurements * Great, a relative measurement in physical space, see Size * Greatness, being divine, majestic, superior, majestic, or transcendent People * List of people known as "the Great" *Artel Great (born ...
destroyed much of the city in 1663, including the
Mazu Mazu or Matsu is a Chinese sea goddess also known by several other names and titles. She is the deified form of the legendary figure Lin Mo or Lin Moniang, a Fujianese shamaness whose life span is traditionally dated from 960 to 987. Re ...
shrine at the Kofuku Temple patronized by the Chinese sailors and merchants visiting the port. In 1720 the ban on Dutch books was lifted, causing hundreds of scholars to flood into Nagasaki to study European science and art. Consequently, Nagasaki became a major center of what was called '' rangaku'', or "Dutch Learning". During the Edo period, the Tokugawa shogunate governed the city, appointing a '' hatamoto'', the '' Nagasaki bugyō'', as its chief administrator. During this period, Nagasaki was designated a "shogunal city". The number of such cities rose from three to eleven under Tokugawa administration. Consensus among historians was once that Nagasaki was Japan's only window on the world during its time as a closed country in the Tokugawa era. However, nowadays it is generally accepted that this was not the case, since Japan interacted and traded with the Ryūkyū Kingdom, Korea and Russia through Satsuma, Tsushima and Matsumae respectively. Nevertheless, Nagasaki was depicted in contemporary art and literature as a cosmopolitan port brimming with exotic curiosities from the Western World.Cambridge Encyclopedia of Japan, Richard Bowring and Haruko Laurie In 1808, during the Napoleonic Wars, the Royal Navy frigate HMS ''Phaeton'' entered Nagasaki Harbor in search of Dutch trading ships. The local magistrate was unable to resist the crew’s demand for food, fuel, and water, later committing ''
seppuku , sometimes referred to as hara-kiri (, , a native Japanese kun reading), is a form of Japanese ritual suicide by disembowelment. It was originally reserved for samurai in their code of honour but was also practised by other Japanese people ...
'' as a result. Laws were passed in the wake of this incident strengthening coastal defenses, threatening death to intruding foreigners, and prompting the training of English and Russian translators. The ''Tōjinyashiki'' (唐人屋敷) or Chinese Factory in Nagasaki was also an important conduit for Chinese goods and information for the Japanese market. Various Chinese merchants and artists sailed between the Chinese mainland and Nagasaki. Some actually combined the roles of merchant and artist such as 18th century Yi Hai. It is believed that as much as one-third of the population of Nagasaki at this time may have been Chinese. The Chinese traders at Nagasaki were confined to a walled compound ( Tōjin yashiki) which was located in the same vicinity as Dejima island; and the activities of the Chinese, though less strictly controlled than the Dutch, were closely monitored by the Nagasaki bugyō. File:Tojin-yashiki.jpg, The Chinese traders at Nagasaki were confined to a walled compound (Tōjin yashiki), circa 1688 File:Nagasaki illustration2.jpeg, Plan of Nagasaki, Hizen province, 1778 File:View of Nagasaki Bay by Antoon Bauduin c1865.png, View of Nagasaki Bay, c1865


Meiji Japan

With the Meiji Restoration, Japan opened its doors once again to foreign trade and diplomatic relations. Nagasaki became a treaty port in 1859 and modernization began in earnest in 1868. Nagasaki was officially proclaimed a city on April 1, 1889. With Christianity legalized and the
Kakure Kirishitan ''Kakure kirishitan'' () is a modern term for a member of the Catholic Church in Japan that went underground at the start of the Edo period in the early 17th century due to Christianity's repression by the Tokugawa shogunate. History Origin ...
coming out of hiding, Nagasaki regained its earlier role as a center for Roman Catholicism in Japan. During the Meiji period, Nagasaki became a center of heavy industry. Its main industry was ship-building, with the dockyards under control of Mitsubishi Heavy Industries becoming one of the prime contractors for the Imperial Japanese Navy, and with Nagasaki harbor used as an anchorage under the control of nearby
Sasebo Naval District was the third of five main administrative districts of the pre-war Imperial Japanese Navy. Its territory included the western and southern coastline of Kyūshū, the Ryukyu Islands, Taiwan and Korea, as well as patrols in the East China Sea and t ...
. During World War II, at the time of the nuclear attack, Nagasaki was an important industrial city, containing both plants of the Mitsubishi Steel and Arms Works, the Akunoura Engine Works, Mitsubishi Arms Plant, Mitsubishi Electric Shipyards, Mitsubishi Steel and Arms Works, Mitsubishi-Urakami Ordnance Works, several other small factories, and most of the ports storage and trans-shipment facilities, which employed about 90% of the city's labor force, and accounted for 90% of the city's industry. These connections with the Japanese war effort made Nagasaki a major target for strategic bombing by the
Allies An alliance is a relationship among people, groups, or states that have joined together for mutual benefit or to achieve some common purpose, whether or not explicit agreement has been worked out among them. Members of an alliance are called ...
during the war. File:UCHIDA_KUICHI_Nagasaki.png, View of Nagasaki in 1870s File:View of Dejima in Nagasaki Bay Folding Screen by Kawahara Keiga c1836.jpg, View of Dejima in Nagasaki Bay by Kawahara Keigo c1836


Atomic bombing of Nagasaki during World War II

For 12 months prior to the nuclear attack, Nagasaki had experienced five small-scale air attacks by an aggregate of 136 U.S. planes which dropped a total of 270 tons of high explosive, 53 tons of incendiary, and 20 tons of
fragmentation bombs Fragmentation is the process by which the casing, shot, or other components of an anti-personnel weapon, bomb, barrel bomb, land mine, IED, artillery, mortar, tank gun, or autocannon shell, rocket, missile, grenade, etc. are dispersed and/or ...
. Of these, a raid of August 1, 1945, was most effective, with a few of the bombs hitting the shipyards and dock areas in the southwest portion of the city, several hitting the Mitsubishi Steel and Arms Works, and six bombs landing at the Nagasaki Medical School and Hospital, with three direct hits on buildings there. While the damage from these few bombs was relatively small, it created considerable concern in Nagasaki and a number of people, principally school children, were evacuated to rural areas for safety, thus reducing the population in the city at the time of the atomic attack. On the day of the nuclear strike (August 9, 1945) the population in Nagasaki was estimated to be 263,000, which consisted of 240,000 Japanese residents, 10,000 Korean residents, 2,500 conscripted Korean workers, 9,000 Japanese soldiers, 600 conscripted Chinese workers, and 400 Allied POWs. That day, the
Boeing B-29 Superfortress The Boeing B-29 Superfortress is an American four-engined propeller-driven heavy bomber, designed by Boeing and flown primarily by the United States during World War II and the Korean War. Named in allusion to its predecessor, the B-17 Fl ...
''
Bockscar ''Bockscar'', sometimes called Bock's Car, is the name of the United States Army Air Forces B-29 bomber that dropped a Fat Man nuclear weapon over the Japanese city of Nagasaki during World War II in the secondand most recent nuclear attack in ...
'', commanded by
Major Major (commandant in certain jurisdictions) is a military rank of commissioned officer status, with corresponding ranks existing in many military forces throughout the world. When used unhyphenated and in conjunction with no other indicators ...
Charles Sweeney, departed from Tinian's North Field just before dawn, this time carrying a
plutonium bomb A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions, either fission (fission bomb) or a combination of fission and fusion reactions (thermonuclear bomb), producing a nuclear explosion. Both bomb ...
, code named " Fat Man". The primary target for the bomb was Kokura, with the secondary target being Nagasaki, if the primary target was too cloudy to make a visual sighting. When the plane reached Kokura at 9:44 a.m. (10:44 am. Tinian Time), the city was obscured by clouds and smoke, as the nearby city of Yahata had been
firebombed Firebombing is a bombing technique designed to damage a target, generally an urban area, through the use of fire, caused by incendiary devices, rather than from the blast effect of large bombs. In popular usage, any act in which an incendiary ...
on the previous day – the steel plant in Yahata also had their workforce intentionally set fire to containers of coal tar, to produce target-obscuring black smoke. Unable to make a bombing attack on visual due to the clouds and smoke and with limited fuel, the plane left the city at 10:30 a.m. for the secondary target. After 20 minutes, the plane arrived at 10:50 a.m. over Nagasaki, but the city was also concealed by clouds. Desperately short of fuel and after making a couple of bombing runs without obtaining any visual target, the crew was forced to use radar to drop the bomb. At the last minute, the opening of the clouds allowed them to make visual contact with a racetrack in Nagasaki, and they dropped the bomb on the city's Urakami Valley midway between the Mitsubishi Steel and Arms Works in the south, and the Mitsubishi-Urakami Ordnance Works in the north. 53 seconds after its release, the bomb exploded at 11:02 a.m. at an approximate altitude of 1,800 feet. Less than a second after the detonation, the north of the city was destroyed and 35,000 people were killed. Among the deaths were 6,200 out of the 7,500 employees of the Mitsubishi Munitions plant, and 24,000 others (including 2,000 Koreans) who worked in other war plants and factories in the city, as well as 150 Japanese soldiers. The industrial damage in Nagasaki was high, leaving 68–80% of the non-dock industrial production destroyed. It was the second and, to date, the last use of a nuclear weapon in
combat Combat ( French for ''fight'') is a purposeful violent conflict meant to physically harm or kill the opposition. Combat may be armed (using weapons) or unarmed ( not using weapons). Combat is sometimes resorted to as a method of self-defense, or ...
, and also the second detonation of a plutonium bomb. The first combat use of a nuclear weapon was the " Little Boy" bomb, which was dropped on the Japanese city of
Hiroshima is the capital of Hiroshima Prefecture in Japan. , the city had an estimated population of 1,199,391. The gross domestic product (GDP) in Greater Hiroshima, Hiroshima Urban Employment Area, was US$61.3 billion as of 2010. Kazumi Matsui h ...
on August 6, 1945. The first plutonium bomb was tested in central New Mexico, United States, on July 16, 1945. The Fat Man bomb was somewhat more powerful than the one dropped over Hiroshima, but because of Nagasaki's more uneven terrain, there was less damage. File:Nagasakibomb.jpg, Mushroom cloud from the atomic explosion over Nagasaki at 11:02 am, August 9, 1945 File:Sanno_torii_boxed_in_red.jpg, '' Torii'', Nagasaki, Japan. One-legged torii in the background, October 1945


Contemporary era

The city was rebuilt after the war, albeit dramatically changed. The pace of reconstruction was slow. The first simple emergency dwellings were not provided until 1946. The focus of redevelopment was the replacement of war industries with foreign trade, shipbuilding and fishing. This was formally declared when the Nagasaki International Culture City Reconstruction Law was passed in May 1949. New temples were built, as well as new churches, owing to an increase in the presence of Christianity. Some of the rubble was left as a memorial, such as a one-legged '' torii'' at
Sannō Shrine The , located about 800 metres south-east of the atomic bomb hypocentre in Nagasaki, is noted for its one-legged stone ''torii'' at the shrine entrance. Torii The well-known was one of the unanticipated results of the atomic bomb blast on Augus ...
and an arch near ground zero. New structures were also raised as memorials, such as the Atomic Bomb Museum. Nagasaki remains primarily a port city, supporting a rich shipbuilding industry. On January 4, 2005, the towns of Iōjima, Kōyagi, Nomozaki, Sanwa, Sotome and Takashima (all from Nishisonogi District) were officially merged into Nagasaki along with the town of Kinkai the following year. File:ModernDayNagasaki.jpg, Modern Nagasaki,
Oura Cathedral The Basilica of the Twenty-Six Holy Martyrs of Japan (日本二十六聖殉教者聖堂) also is a Roman Catholic minor basilica and Co-cathedral in Nagasaki, Japan, built soon after the end of the Japanese government's Seclusion Policy in 185 ...
on a slope, 2005. File:Nagasaki City View from Glover Garden, Nagasaki 2014.jpg, Nagasaki view from Glover Garden, 2014


Geography

Nagasaki and Nishisonogi Peninsulas are located within the city limits. The city is surrounded by the cities of Isahaya and
Saikai is a city located in Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan. As of March 2017, the city has an estimated population of 28,815 and a population density of 4,700 persons per km2. The total area is 242.01 km2. The modern city of Saikai was established on ...
, and the towns of
Togitsu is a town located in Nishisonogi District, Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan. As of March 31, 2017, the town has an estimated population of 30,084 and a density of 1,500 persons per km². The total area is 20.73 km². Neighbouring the town of ...
and
Nagayo is a List of towns in Japan, town located in Nishisonogi District, Nagasaki, Nishisonogi District, Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan. Geography Nagayo is located within the southern part of Nagasaki prefecture and resides at the south of Ōmura Bay. ...
in Nishisonogi District. Nagasaki lies at the head of a long bay that forms the best natural harbor on the island of Kyūshū. The main commercial and residential area of the city lies on a small plain near the end of the bay. Two rivers divided by a mountain spur form the two main valleys in which the city lies. The heavily built-up area of the city is confined by the terrain to less than .


Climate

Nagasaki has the typical
humid subtropical climate A humid subtropical climate is a zone of climate characterized by hot and humid summers, and cool to mild winters. These climates normally lie on the southeast side of all continents (except Antarctica), generally between latitudes 25° and 40° ...
of Kyūshū and Honshū, characterized by mild winters and long, hot, and humid summers. Apart from Kanazawa and Shizuoka it is the wettest sizeable city in Japan. In the summer, the combination of persistent heat and high humidity results in unpleasant conditions, with
wet-bulb temperature The wet-bulb temperature (WBT) is the temperature read by a thermometer covered in water-soaked (water at ambient temperature) cloth (a wet-bulb thermometer) over which air is passed. At 100% relative humidity, the wet-bulb temperature is equal ...
s sometimes reaching . In the winter, however, Nagasaki is drier and sunnier than Gotō to the west, and temperatures are slightly milder than further inland in Kyūshū. Since records began in 1878, the wettest month has been July 1982, with including in a single day, whilst the driest month has been September 1967, with . Precipitation occurs year-round, though winter is the driest season; rainfall peaks sharply in June and July. August is the warmest month of the year. On January 24, 2016, a snowfall of was recorded.


Education


Universities

*
Kwassui Women's University is a private women's university in Nagasaki, Japan. It enrolls approximately 1,300 students and has exchange agreements with 28 universities in 8 countries. Schools and faculties As of 2021, the university had a Graduate School (for English Liter ...
* Nagasaki Institute of Applied Science * Nagasaki Junshin Catholic University * Nagasaki University * Nagasaki University of Foreign Studies * Nagasaki Wesleyan University


Junior colleges

*
Nagasaki Junior College is a private junior college in Sasebo, Nagasaki, Japan Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formally , ''Nihonkoku'') is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Ja ...
* Nagasaki Junshin Junior College * Nagasaki Gyokusei Junior College, formerly (closed 2012) *
Nagasaki Women's Junior College is a private university, private women's college, women's junior college in Nagasaki, Japan, established in 1966. The predecessor of the school was founded in 1896. External links Official website
Japanese junior colleges Educational ins ...


Economy

* Shipbuilding *
Mitsubishi The is a group of autonomous Japanese multinational companies in a variety of industries. Founded by Yatarō Iwasaki in 1870, the Mitsubishi Group historically descended from the Mitsubishi zaibatsu, a unified company which existed from 1870 ...
* Machinery and heavy industry


Transportation

The nearest airport is Nagasaki Airport in the nearby city of Ōmura. The
Kyushu Railway Company The , also referred to as , is one of the seven constituent companies of Japan Railways Group (JR Group). It operates intercity rail services within Kyushu, Japan and the JR Kyushu Jet Ferry Beetle hydrofoil service across the Tsushima Strait ...
(JR Kyushu) provides rail transportation on the Nagasaki Main Line, whose terminal is at Nagasaki Station. In addition, the Nagasaki Electric Tramway operates five routes in the city. The Nagasaki Expressway serves vehicular traffic with interchanges at Nagasaki and Susukizuka. In addition, six national highways crisscross the city: Route 34,
202 Year 202 (Roman numerals, CCII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Severus and Antoninus (or, less frequently, year 955 '' ...
,
206 Year 206 ( CCVI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Umbrius and Gavius (or, less frequently, year 959 ''Ab urbe condit ...
,
251 __NOTOC__ Year 251 ( CCLI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Traianus and Etruscus (or, less frequently, year 1004 ' ...
,
324 __NOTOC__ Year 324 ( CCCXXIV) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Crispus and Constantinus (or, less frequently, year ...
, and
499 __NOTOC__ Year 499 (Roman numerals, CDXCIX) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Iohannes without colleague (or, less frequ ...
.


Demographics

On August 9, 1945, the population was estimated to be 263,000. As of March 1, 2017, the city had population of 505,723 and a population density of 1,000 persons per km2.


Sports

Nagasaki is represented in the J. League of football with its local club, V-Varen Nagasaki.


Main sites

* Basilica of the Twenty-Six Holy Martyrs of Japan *
Confucius Shrine, Nagasaki Kōshi-byō (孔子廟) is a Confucian temple in Nagasaki, Nagasaki, Nagasaki, Japan. Today the land on which it stands is owned by the Chinese Embassy in Tokyo. First built in 1893 by Nagasaki Shinchi Chinatown, Chinese residents of Nagasaki with ...
*Dejima Museum of History *Former residence of
Shuhan Takashima Shuhan, shu han, or ''variation'', may refer to: Iran Shuhan ( fa, شوهان), also rendered as Shoohan or Shahun or Showhan, may refer to: * Shuhan-e Olya (disambiguation) * Shuhan-e Sofla (disambiguation) * Shuhan Rural District, in Ilam Pro ...
*Former site of Latin Seminario *Former site of the British Consulate in Nagasaki *Former site of Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Nagasaki Branch * Glover Garden **Former Glover Residence **Former Alt Residence **Former Ringer Residence **Former Walker Residence * Fukusai-ji * Gunkanjima *Higashi-Yamate Juniban Mansion *Kazagashira Park * Kofukuji * Megane Bridge * Mount Inasa * Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Museum (Located next to the Peace Park) * Nagasaki Museum of History and Culture *
Nagasaki National Peace Memorial Hall for the Atomic Bomb Victims The is a commemorative monument in Nagasaki, Japan, situated next to its Atomic Bomb Museum. The Peace Park is nearby. Like its counterpart in Hiroshima, the hall was constructed as a place to remember and pray for those who died in the 1945 ...
* Nagasaki Peace Park **Atomic Bomb Hypocenter (Located near the Peace Park) *Nagasaki
Peace Pagoda A Peace Pagoda is a Buddhist stupa; a monument to inspire peace, designed to provide a focus for people of all races and creeds, and to help unite them in their search for world peace. Most, though not all, peace pagodas built since World War II ...
*Nagasaki Penguin Aquarium * Nagasaki Chinatown *Nagasaki Science Museum *
Nagasaki Subtropical Botanical Garden Nagasaki subtropical botanical garden (長崎 亜熱帯植物園 Nagasaki prefecture subtropical botanical garden Anettai Shokubutsuen) It is a botanical garden that was in Wakimisakimachi 833, Nagasaki, Nagasaki, Japan. Nagisaki Town, a subtropical ...
*
Nyoko-do Hermitage was a Japanese Catholic physician specializing in radiology, an author, and a survivor of the atomic bombing of Nagasaki. His subsequent life of prayer and service earned him the affectionate title " saint of Urakami". Early years Takashi (m ...
*
Oranda-zaka Oranda-zaka (オランダ坂), also known as the Dutch Slope or Hollander Slope, is a Groups of Traditional Buildings, scenic sloping street in the Higashiyamate area of Nagasaki City, Nagasaki Prefecture, Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan. Its name is ...
*
Sannō Shrine The , located about 800 metres south-east of the atomic bomb hypocentre in Nagasaki, is noted for its one-legged stone ''torii'' at the shrine entrance. Torii The well-known was one of the unanticipated results of the atomic bomb blast on Augus ...
– One-legged stone '' torii'', sometimes called an arch or gateway *
Sakamoto International Cemetery The is located in Sakamoto in the Urakami area of the city of Nagasaki, Japan. The cemetery for foreigners was established following the 1888 closure of an earlier burial ground near the international quarter of the city. It is administered by ...
* Shōfuku-ji *
Siebold Memorial Museum was opened in Nagasaki city in 1989 in honour of Philipp Franz von Siebold's great contributions to the development of modern science in Japan. The building is modeled on his former house in Leiden and is located next to the site of his original c ...
* Sōfuku-ji – Daiyūhōden and Daiippomon are national treasures of Japan. * Suwa Shrine *
Syusaku Endo Literature Museum The is a museum dedicated to the life and work of Japanese novelist Shusaku Endo. It is in the Sotome district in the northwestern part of the city of Nagasaki. Sotome is famed as the home of the hidden Christians and served as the scene for En ...
*Tateyama Park * Twenty-Six Martyrs Museum and Monument *Nagasaki Prefectural Art Museum * Urakami Cathedral *Miyo-Ken, a temple where the white snake is worshipped


Cityscape


Events

The
Prince Takamatsu Cup Nishinippon Round-Kyūshū Ekiden A prince is a male ruler (ranked below a king, grand prince, and grand duke) or a male member of a monarch's or former monarch's family. ''Prince'' is also a title of nobility (often highest), often hereditary, in some European states. The ...
, the world's longest relay race, begins in Nagasaki each November. Kunchi, the most famous festival in Nagasaki, is held from October 7–9. The Nagasaki Lantern Festival, celebrating the
Chinese New Year Chinese New Year is the festival that celebrates the beginning of a New Year, new year on the traditional lunisolar calendar, lunisolar and solar Chinese calendar. In Sinophone, Chinese and other East Asian cultures, the festival is commonly r ...
, is celebrated from February 18 to March 4.


Cuisine

* Castella * Champon * Sara udon *Mogi Biwa * Chinese confections *Urakami Soboro *Shippoku Cuisine *Toruko rice (''Turkish rice'') *
Karasumi Karasumi is a food product made by salting mullet roe pouch and drying it in sunlight. A theory suggests that it got its name from its resemblance to the blocks of ''sumi'' (inkstick) imported from China (''Kara'') for use in Japanese calligraph ...
*Nagasaki Kakuni


Notable people

* Kazuo Ishiguro *
Mitsurou Kubo is the pen name of , a Japanese manga artist, writer, and radio personality. She is the co-creator of the 2016 anime series ''Yuri on Ice''. Biography Kubo was born on September 19, 1975 in Sasebo, Nagasaki Prefecture. As a child she developed ...
* Ariana Miyamoto *
Takashi Nagai was a Japanese Catholic physician specializing in radiology, an author, and a survivor of the atomic bombing of Nagasaki. His subsequent life of prayer and service earned him the affectionate title "saint of Urakami". Early years Takashi (mea ...
* Atsushi Onita * Neru Nagahama * Maya Yoshida * Tsutomu Yamaguchi *


Twin towns

The city of Nagasaki maintains sister cities or friendship relations with other cities worldwide. *
Hiroshima is the capital of Hiroshima Prefecture in Japan. , the city had an estimated population of 1,199,391. The gross domestic product (GDP) in Greater Hiroshima, Hiroshima Urban Employment Area, was US$61.3 billion as of 2010. Kazumi Matsui h ...
, Japan * St. Louis, United States (1972) *
Saint Paul Paul; grc, Παῦλος, translit=Paulos; cop, ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ; hbo, פאולוס השליח (previously called Saul of Tarsus;; ar, بولس الطرسوسي; grc, Σαῦλος Ταρσεύς, Saũlos Tarseús; tr, Tarsuslu Pavlus; ...
, United States (1955) * Dupnitsa, Bulgaria * Santos, Brazil (1972) *
Fuzhou Fuzhou (; , Fuzhounese: Hokchew, ''Hók-ciŭ''), alternately romanized as Foochow, is the capital and one of the largest cities in Fujian province, China. Along with the many counties of Ningde, those of Fuzhou are considered to constitute t ...
, China, (1980) * Middelburg, Netherlands (1978) * Porto, Portugal (1978) *
Vaux-sur-Aure Vaux-sur-Aure (, literally ''Vaux on Aure'') is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. The Barons de Gratot (Argouges) resided at the Château de Gratot in Vaux-sur-Aure. According to the French Wik ...
, France (2005)


See also

*
Cultural treatments of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki This is a list of cultural products made about the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. It includes literature, film, music and other art forms. Literature * The book ''Hiroshima mon amour'', by Marguerite Duras, and the related film, w ...
*
Foreign cemeteries in Japan are chiefly located in Tokyo and at the former treaty ports of Kobe, Hakodate, Nagasaki, and Yokohama. They contain the mortal remains of long-term Japan residents or other foreigners who died in Japan, and are separate from any of the military c ...
* Hashima Island (Gunkanjima) *
Junior College of Commerce Nagasaki University is a junior college in Nagasaki, Japan, and is part of the Nagasaki University network. The institute was founded in 1951 and abolished in 2000. Educational institutions established in 1951 Japanese junior colleges Educational institution ...
(1951-2000)


References


Bibliography

*


External links

* *
Is Nagasaki still radioactive?
– No. Includes explanation.
Nagasaki after atomic bombing
– interactive aerial map

Comprehensive information on the history, and political and social implications of the US atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Nagasaki Prefectural Tourism FederationNagasaki Product Promotion Association
produced by Nagasaki International Association * {{Authority control Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Cities in Nagasaki Prefecture Port settlements in Japan Populated coastal places in Japan World War II sites in Japan Populated places established in the 16th century Destroyed cities