''Naegleria gruberi'' is a species of ''
Naegleria
''Naegleria'' is a free living amoebae protist genus consisting of 47 described species often found in warm aquatic environments as well as soil habitats worldwide. It has three life cycle forms: the amoeboid stage, the cyst stage, and the flage ...
''. It is famous for its ability to change from an
amoeba
An amoeba (; less commonly spelled ameba or amœba; plural ''am(o)ebas'' or ''am(o)ebae'' ), often called an amoeboid, is a type of cell or unicellular organism with the ability to alter its shape, primarily by extending and retracting pseudop ...
, which lacks a cytoplasmic microtubule
cytoskeleton
The cytoskeleton is a complex, dynamic network of interlinking protein filaments present in the cytoplasm of all cells, including those of bacteria and archaea. In eukaryotes, it extends from the cell nucleus to the cell membrane and is com ...
, to a
flagellate, which has an elaborate microtubule cytoskeleton, including flagella. This "transformation" includes ''de novo'' synthesis of basal bodies (or centrioles).
Background
It was first characterized in 1899,
and the genome sequence published in 2010.
''Naegleria gruberi'' is a non-pathogenic
biosafety level 1 organism, although it is related to the deadly ''
Naegleria fowleri
''Naegleria fowleri'', colloquially known as a "brain-eating amoeba", is a species of the genus ''Naegleria'', belonging to the phylum Percolozoa, which is technically not classified as true amoeba, but a shapeshifting amoeboflagellate excava ...
''.
''Naegleria gruberi'' is a free-living organism that can be extracted from wet soil and freshwater
The strain NEG-M is the only ''Naegleria'' species that has a fully sequenced genome. ''Naegleria'' belongs to the Jakobids, Euglenozoans, and Heteroloboseans (JEH) group. The ''Naegleria'' genome sequence has indicated that the amoeboflagellate contains actin and microtubule cytoskeletons, mitotic and meiotic machinery, and several transcription factors. ''Naeglerias mitochondrial genome encodes some components of a mitochondrial c and c1 maturation system.
''Naegleria's''
mitochondria resemble the evolutionary intermediate thought to have occurred within the ancestor of all eukaryotes, because of its presence of mitochondrial Fe-hydrogenase and complete aerobic respiration system. The ''Naegleria'' genome is able to oxidize glucose, various amino acids and fatty acids through the Krebs cycle.
The ancestor of existing eukaryotes have been thought to contain a fair number of introns. Nearly 36% of ''Naegleria'' genes are assumed to contain at least one intron and 17% contain multiple introns. The position of the introns are conserved, indicating that they are ancient.
''Naegleria'' amoeba undergo a closed mitosis, in which the nuclear envelope doesn't break down, but still proceeds through the typical stages. The multitubulin hypothesis predicts that eukaryotes contain multiple tublin genes with distinct properties. ''Naegleria'' uses different tubulins for mitosis and flagellar assembly.
Observations suggest that ''Naegleria'' is primarily an asexual organism that reproduces by division of its amoebae to produce substantial clonal populations. However, analysis of the genome strain NEG-M revealed that it is a composite of two distinct haplotypes having arisen from an interbreeding population. Therefore, ''Naegleria'' is likely to be able to undergo genetic exchange. The NEG-M strain is the heterozygous result of a past mating of two strains, and it appears genetically equipped to mate again. However, further studies still need to be performed.
References
External links
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Naegleria Information
{{Taxonbar, from=Q3768706
Percolozoa
Model organisms