NPX

x87 is a floating-point-related subset of the x86 architecture instruction set. It originated as an extension of the 8086 instruction set in the form of optional floating-point coprocessors that worked in tandem with corresponding x86 CPUs. These microchips had names ending in "87". This was also known as the NPX (''Numeric Processor eXtension''). Like other extensions to the basic instruction set, x87 instructions are not strictly needed to construct working programs, but provide hardware and microcode implementations of common numerical tasks, allowing these tasks to be performed much faster than corresponding machine code routines can. The x87 instruction set includes instructions for basic floating-point operations such as addition, subtraction and comparison, but also for more complex numerical operations, such as the computation of the tangent function and its inverse, for example.

Most x86 processors since the Intel 80486 have had these x87 instructions implemented in the main CPU, but the term is sometimes still used to refer to that part of the instruction set. Before x87 instructions were standard in PCs, compilers or programmers had to use rather slow library calls to perform floating-point operations, a method that is still common in (low-cost) embedded systems.

Description

The x87 registers form an eight-level deep non-strict stack structure ranging from ST(0) to ST(7) with registers that can be directly accessed by either operand, using an offset relative to the top, as well as pushed and popped. (This scheme may be compared to how a stack frame may be both pushed/popped and indexed.)

There are instructions to push, calculate, and pop values on top of this stack; unary operations (FSQRT, FPTAN etc.) then implicitly address the topmost ST(0), while binary operations (FADD, FMUL, FCOM, etc.) implicitly address ST(0) and ST(1). The non-strict stack model also allows binary operations to use ST(0) together with a direct '' memory operand'' or with an ''explicitly'' specified stack register, ST(''x''), in a role similar to a traditional accumulator (a combined destination and left operand). This can also be reversed on an instruction-by-instruction basis with ST(0) as the unmodified operand and ST(''x'') as the ''destination''. Furthermore, the contents in ST(0) can be exchanged with another stack register using an instruction called FXCH ST(''x'').

These properties make the x87 stack usable as seven freely addressable registers plus a dedicated accumulator (or as seven independent accumulators). This is especially applicable on superscalar x86 processors (such as the Pentium of 1993 and later), where these exchange instructions (codes D9C8..D9CF_h) are optimized down to a zero clock penalty by using one of the integer paths for FXCH ST(''x'') in parallel with the FPU instruction. Despite being natural and convenient for human assembly language programmers, some compiler writers have found it complicated to construct automatic code generators that schedule x87 code effectively. Such a stack-based interface potentially can minimize the need to save scratch variables in function calls compared with a register-based interface (although, historically, design issues in the 8087 implementation limited that potential.)

The x87 provides single-precision, double-precision and 80-bit double-extended precision binary floating-point arithmetic as per the IEEE 754-1985 standard. By default, the x87 processors all use 80-bit double-extended precision internally (to allow sustained precision over many calculations, see IEEE 754 design rationale). A given sequence of arithmetic operations may thus behave slightly differently compared to a strict single-precision or double-precision IEEE 754 FPU. As this may sometimes be problematic for some semi-numerical calculations written to assume double precision for correct operation, to avoid such problems, the x87 can be configured using a special configuration/status register to automatically round to single or double precision after each operation. Since the introduction of SSE2, the x87 instructions are not as essential as they once were, but remain important as a high-precision scalar unit for numerical calculations sensitive to round-off error and requiring the 64-bit mantissa precision and extended range available in the 80-bit format.

Performance

Clock cycle counts for examples of typical x87 FPU instructions (only register-register versions shown here).

The ''A''...''B'' notation (minimum to maximum) covers timing variations dependent on transient pipeline status and the arithmetic precision chosen (32, 64 or 80 bits); it also includes variations due to numerical cases (such as the number of set bits, zero, etc.). The L → H notation depicts values corresponding to the lowest (L) and the highest (H) maximal clock frequencies that were available.

:* An effective zero clock delay is often possible, via superscalar execution.
:^§ The 5 MHz 8087 was the original x87 processor. Compared to typical software-implemented floating-point routines on an 8086 (without an 8087), the factors would be even larger, perhaps by another factor of 10 (i.e., a correct floating-point addition in assembly language may well consume over 1000 cycles).

Manufacturers

Companies that have designed or manufactured floating-point units compatible with the Intel 8087 or later models include AMD (''287'', ''387'', ''486DX'', ''5x86'', ''K5'', ''K6'', ''K7'', ''K8''), Chips and Technologies (the ''Super MATH'' coprocessors), Cyrix (the ''FasMath'', ''Cx87SLC'', ''Cx87DLC'', etc., ''6x86'', ''Cyrix MII''), Fujitsu (early ''Pentium Mobile'' etc.), Harris Semiconductor (manufactured ''80387'' and ''486DX'' processors), IBM (various ''387'' and ''486'' designs), IDT (the WinChip, ''C3'', ''C7'', ''Nano'', etc.), IIT (the ''2C87'', ''3C87'', etc.), LC Technology (the ''Green MATH'' coprocessors), National Semiconductor (the ''Geode GX1'', ''Geode GXm'', etc.), NexGen (the ''Nx587''), Rise Technology (the ''mP6''), ST Microelectronics (manufactured ''486DX'', ''5x86'', etc.), Texas Instruments (manufactured ''486DX'' processors etc.), Transmeta (the ''TM5600'' and ''TM5800''), ULSI (the ''Math·Co'' coprocessors), VIA Technologies, VIA (the ''C3'', ''C7'', and ''Nano'', etc.), and Xtend (the ''83S87SX-25'' and other coprocessors).

Architectural generations

8087

The ''8087'' was the first math coprocessor for 16-bit processors designed by Intel. It was built to be paired with the Intel 8088 or Intel 8086, 8086 microprocessors. (Intel's earlier Intel 8231/8232, 8231 and 8232 floating-point processors, marketed for use with the i8080 CPU, were in fact licensed versions of AMD's Am9511 and Am9512 FPUs from 1977 and 1979.)

80187

The ''80187'' (''80C187'') is the math coprocessor for the Intel 80186 CPU. It is incapable of operating with the 80188, as the 80188 has an eight-bit data bus; the 80188 can only use the 8087. The 80187 did not appear at the same time as the 80186 and 80188, but was in fact launched after the 80287 and the 80387. Although the interface to the main processor is the same as that of the 8087, its core is that of the 80387 and is thus fully IEEE 754-1985, IEEE 754-compliant and capable of executing all the 80387's extra instructions.

80287

The ''80287'' (''i287'') is the math coprocessor for the Intel 80286 series of microprocessors. Intel's models included variants with specified upper frequency limits ranging from 6 up to 12 MHz. Later followed the i80287XL with 387 microarchitecture and the i80287XLT, a special version intended for laptops, as well as other variants. The available 10 MHz Intel 80287-10 Numerics Coprocessor version was for 250 USD in quantities of 100.

The 80287XL is actually an 80387SX with a 287 pinout. It contains an internal 3/2 multiplier, so that motherboards that ran the coprocessor at 2/3 CPU speed could instead run the FPU at the same speed of the CPU. Other 287 models with 387-like performance are the Intel 80C287, built using CHMOS III, and the AMD 80EC287 manufactured in AMD's CMOS process, using only fully static gates.

The 80287 and 80287XL work with the 80386 microprocessor and were initially the only coprocessors available for the 80386 until the introduction of the 80387 in 1987. Finally, they were able to work with the Cyrix Cx486SLC. However, for both of these chips the 80387 is strongly preferred for its higher performance and the greater capability of its instruction set.

KL Intel C80287.jpg, 6 MHz version of the Intel 80287
Intel 80287 die.jpg, Intel 80287 die shot
KL Intel i80287XL Big Markings.jpg, Intel 80287XL
KL Intel 80287XLT.jpg, Intel 80287XLT

80387

The 80387 (387 or i387) is the first Intel coprocessor to be fully compliant with the IEEE 754-1985 standard. Released in 1987, two years after the 386 chip, the i387 includes much improved speed over Intel's previous 8087/80287 coprocessors and improved characteristics of its trigonometric functions. It was made available for USD $500 in quantities of 100. Shortly afterwards, it was made available through Intel's Personal Computer Enhancement Operation for a retail market price of USD $795. The 8087 and 80287's FPTAN and FPATAN instructions are limited to an argument in the range ±π/4 (±45°), and the 8087 and 80287 have no ''direct'' instructions for the SIN and COS functions.

Without a coprocessor, the 386 normally performs floating-point arithmetic through (relatively slow) software routines, implemented at runtime through a software Exception handling, exception handler. When a math coprocessor is paired with the 386, the coprocessor performs the floating-point arithmetic in hardware, returning results much faster than an (emulating) software library call.

The i387 is compatible only with the standard i386 chip, which has a 32-bit processor bus. The later cost-reduced i386SX, which has a narrower 16-bit Bus (computing), data bus, can not interface with the i387's 32-bit bus. The i386SX requires its own coprocessor, the 80387SX, which is compatible with the SX's narrower 16-bit data bus.

File:KL Intel 80387.jpg, i387
File:KL Intel i387SX.jpg, i387SX
File:KL intel i387DX.jpg, i387DX
File:Intel 387 arch.svg, i387 microarchitecture with 16-bit barrel shifter and CORDIC unit
File:80386with387.JPG, i386DX with i387DX
File:Socket for Intel 80387.jpg, Socket for the 80387

80487

The i487SX (P23N) was marketed as a floating-point unit coprocessor for Intel Intel 80486SX, i486SX machines. It actually contained a full-blown 486DX, i486DX implementation. When installed into an i486SX system, the i487 disabled the main CPU and took over all CPU operations. The i487 took measures to detect the presence of an i486SX and would not function without the original CPU in place.

80587

The Nx587 was the last FPU for x86 to be manufactured separately from the CPU, in this case NexGen's Nx586.

See also

* MMX (instruction set), MMX
* Streaming SIMD Extensions, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3, SSE4
* Advanced Vector Extensions, AVX
* 3DNow!
* SIMD

Notes

References

*

External links

Everything you always wanted to know about math coprocessors

{{Use dmy dates, date=April 2019

X86 architecture
Stack machines
Floating point
Coprocessors