The mylohyoid muscle or diaphragma oris is a paired
muscle of the neck. It runs from the
mandible
In anatomy, the mandible, lower jaw or jawbone is the largest, strongest and lowest bone in the human facial skeleton. It forms the lower jaw and holds the lower teeth in place. The mandible sits beneath the maxilla. It is the only movable bone ...
to the
hyoid bone, forming the floor of the oral cavity of the
mouth. It is named after its two attachments near the
molar teeth. It forms the floor of the
submental triangle
The submental triangle (or suprahyoid triangle) is a division of the anterior triangle of the neck.
Boundaries
It is limited to:
* Lateral (away from the midline), formed by the anterior belly of the digastricus
* Medial (towards the midline), f ...
. It elevates the
hyoid bone and the
tongue
The tongue is a muscular organ in the mouth of a typical tetrapod. It manipulates food for mastication and swallowing as part of the digestive process, and is the primary organ of taste. The tongue's upper surface (dorsum) is covered by taste ...
, important during
swallowing and
speaking.
Structure
The mylohyoid muscle is flat and triangular, and is situated immediately
superior to the
anterior belly of the digastric muscle. It is a
pharyngeal muscle (derived from the
first pharyngeal arch
The pharyngeal arches, also known as visceral arches'','' are structures seen in the embryonic development of vertebrates that are recognisable precursors for many structures. In fish, the arches are known as the branchial arches, or gill arche ...
) and classified as one of the
suprahyoid muscles. Together, the paired mylohyoid muscles form a muscular floor for the oral cavity of the
mouth.
The two mylohyoid muscles arise from the mandible at the
mylohyoid line
The mylohyoid line is a bony ridge on the internal surface of the mandible. It runs posterosuperiorly. It is the site of origin of the mylohyoid muscle, the superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle, and the pterygomandibular raphe.
Structure
The ...
, which extends from the
mandibular symphysis in front to the last
molar tooth
The molars or molar teeth are large, flat teeth at the back of the mouth. They are more developed in mammals. They are used primarily to grind food during chewing. The name ''molar'' derives from Latin, ''molaris dens'', meaning "millstone to ...
behind. The posterior fibers pass inferomedially and insert at anterior surface of the
hyoid bone. The medial fibres of the two mylohyoid muscles unite in a midline
raphe
Raphe (; from Greek ῥαφή, "seam"Liddell, H.G. & Scott, R. (1940). ''A Greek-English Lexicon. revised and augmented throughout by Sir Henry Stuart Jones. with the assistance of. Roderick McKenzie.'' Oxford: Clarendon Press.) has several diffe ...
(where the two muscles intermesh).
The mylohyoid muscle separates the
sublingual space from the
submandibular space, which communicate via a lateral gap between the mylohyoid and
hyoglossus muscles at the posterior free margin of mylohyoid muscle.
The
submandibular gland wraps around the edges of the mylohyoid, and is divided into superficial and deep lobes above and below the muscle.
Nerve supply
The mylohyoid muscle is supplied by a branch of the
mandibular nerve, the
inferior alveolar nerve. The
mylohyoid nerve
The mylohyoid nerve (or nerve to mylohyoid) is a nerve of the head. It is a branch of the inferior alveolar nerve. It supplies the mylohyoid muscle, and the Anterior belly of digastric, anterior belly of the digastric muscle. It may also supply m ...
is a branch of the inferior alveolar nerve. The mylohyoid nerve emerges to give motor supply to the mylohyoid muscle.
Development
The mylohyoid muscles are derived from
embryonic
Embryonic may refer to:
*Of or relating to an embryo
* ''Embryonic'' (album), a 2009 studio album by the Flaming Lips
*''Embryonics
''Embryonics'' is a double-CD compilation of tracks by the Australian progressive metal band, Alchemist. It w ...
mesoderm, specifically the
first pharyngeal arch
The pharyngeal arches, also known as visceral arches'','' are structures seen in the embryonic development of vertebrates that are recognisable precursors for many structures. In fish, the arches are known as the branchial arches, or gill arche ...
.
Variations
The mylohyoid muscle may be united to or replaced by the anterior belly of the
digastric muscle; accessory
slips Slips (or SLIPS) may refer to:
*Slips (oil drilling)
*SLIPS (Slippery Liquid Infused Porous Surfaces)
*SLIPS (company)
*SLIPS (Sri Lanka Interbank Payment System)
*Slip (cricket), often used in the plural form
*The Slips, a UK electronic music duo
...
to other hyoid muscles are frequent. This median raphé is sometimes absent; the fibers of the two muscles are then continuous. Variations in the mylohyoid muscle itself are not common.
Accessory mylohyoid muscles have been seen in some people, which have the same attachments, nerve supply, and function.
The mylohyoid muscle may also be split into an anterior portion and a posterior portion, with the
sublingual gland occupying the space between these portions.
An area of
herniation of the
sublingual gland, blood vessels, or fat, may be present, with studies reporting this in 10-50% of people.
Function
The mylohyoid muscle elevates the
hyoid bone and the
tongue
The tongue is a muscular organ in the mouth of a typical tetrapod. It manipulates food for mastication and swallowing as part of the digestive process, and is the primary organ of taste. The tongue's upper surface (dorsum) is covered by taste ...
. This is particularly important during
swallowing and
speaking. Alternatively, if other muscles are used to keep the position of the hyoid bone fixed, then the mylohyoid muscle depresses the mandible. It also functions as reinforcing the
floor of mouth.
Clinical significance
The mylohyoid muscle may be imaged by
CT or
MRI
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a medical imaging technique used in radiology to form pictures of the anatomy and the physiological processes of the body. MRI scanners use strong magnetic fields, magnetic field gradients, and radio waves ...
.
The mylohyoid separates the
submandibular space below from the
sublingual space above. Around the posterior border of the mylohoid muscle, these spaces communicate. Infections, especially
odontogenic infection
An odontogenic infection is an infection that originates within a tooth or in the closely surrounding tissues. The term is derived from '' odonto-'' (Ancient Greek: , – 'tooth') and '' -genic'' (Ancient Greek: , ; – 'birth'). The most common ...
s can spread from one space to the other via this communication, or alternatively penetrate the mylohyoid muscle, which is a poor barrier to the spread of
infection. Because the attachment of the mylohyoid muscle (the
mylohoid line of the
mandible
In anatomy, the mandible, lower jaw or jawbone is the largest, strongest and lowest bone in the human facial skeleton. It forms the lower jaw and holds the lower teeth in place. The mandible sits beneath the maxilla. It is the only movable bone ...
) becomes more superior towards the posterior of the mandible, posterior infected teeth are more likely to drain into the submandibular space, and infected anterior teeth are more likely to drain into the sublingual space, since the apices of the teeth are more likely to be below and above the mylohoid line respectively (see diagram).
History
The myloyoid muscle may also be known as the diaphragma oris muscle. It is named after its two attachments near the
molar teeth ("''mylo''" comes from the Greek word for "molar").
[http://www.anatomy.usyd.edu.au/glossary/glossary.cgi?page=m]
Additional images
File:Sobo 1909 255.png, Anterior view
File:Sobo 1909 265.png, Medial view
File:Braus 1921 371.png, The origin of the mylohyoid muscle, inferior view.
File:Braus 1921 360.png, The insertion of the mylohyoid muscle on the hyoid bone.
File:Gray186.png, Hyoid bone. Anterior surface. Enlarged.
File:Slide2e.JPG, Mylohyoid muscle
Notes
References
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External links
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{{Authority control
Muscles of the head and neck
Suprahyoid muscles