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Mutual recognition occurs when two or more countries or other institutions recognize one another's decisions or policies, for example in the field of conformity assessment,
professional qualification Professional certification, trade certification, or professional designation, often called simply ''certification'' or ''qualification'', is a designation earned by a person to assure qualification to perform a job or task. Not all certifications ...
s or in relation to criminal matters. A mutual recognition agreement (MRA) is an international agreement by which two or more countries agree to recognize one another's conformity assessments, decisions or results (for example certifications or test results). A mutual recognition arrangement is an international arrangement based on such an agreement. Countries involved in the agreement can designate for the scope of the agreement Conformity Assessment Bodies (CAB), laboratories and inspection bodies. MRAs have become increasingly common since the formation of the
World Trade Organization The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an intergovernmental organization that regulates and facilitates international trade. With effective cooperation in the United Nations System, governments use the organization to establish, revise, and ...
in 1995. They have been forged within and among various
trade bloc A trade bloc is a type of intergovernmental agreement, often part of a regional intergovernmental organization, where barriers to trade (tariffs and others) are reduced or eliminated among the participating states. Trade blocs can be stand-alone ...
s, including APEC and the
European Union The European Union (EU) is a supranational political and economic union of member states that are located primarily in Europe. The union has a total area of and an estimated total population of about 447million. The EU has often been de ...
. MRAs are most commonly applied to
goods In economics, goods are items that satisfy human wants and provide utility, for example, to a consumer making a purchase of a satisfying product. A common distinction is made between goods which are transferable, and services, which are not t ...
, such as various quality control MRAs. However, the term is also applied to agreements on the recognition of
professional qualification Professional certification, trade certification, or professional designation, often called simply ''certification'' or ''qualification'', is a designation earned by a person to assure qualification to perform a job or task. Not all certifications ...
s and decisions relating to criminal matters.European Commission
Programme of measures to implement the principle of mutual recognition of decisions in criminal matters
''Official Journal'' C 012 , 15/01/2001 p. 0010 - 0022, accessed 4 November 2021
Accreditation Bodies, under the
International Accreditation Forum The International Accreditation Forum, Inc. (IAF) is the world association of Conformity Assessment Accreditation bodies and other bodies interested in conformity assessment in the fields of management systems, products, services, personnel and ...
, use the term ''Multilateral Recognition Agreements'' in a similar sense.


Mutual recognition of decisions in criminal matters

The issue of mutual recognition in criminal matters was raised at the
European Union The European Union (EU) is a supranational political and economic union of member states that are located primarily in Europe. The union has a total area of and an estimated total population of about 447million. The EU has often been de ...
's
Cardiff Cardiff (; cy, Caerdydd ) is the capital and largest city of Wales. It forms a principal area, officially known as the City and County of Cardiff ( cy, Dinas a Sir Caerdydd, links=no), and the city is the eleventh-largest in the United Kingd ...
European Council on 15 and 16 June 1998 and further discussed at the European Council meeting held in
Tampere Tampere ( , , ; sv, Tammerfors, ) is a city in the Pirkanmaa region, located in the western part of Finland. Tampere is the most populous inland city in the Nordic countries. It has a population of 244,029; the urban area has a population o ...
in October 1999. A programme of EU measures to implement the principle of mutual recognition in relation to decisions regarding criminal matters was published on 15 January 2021.


See also

* Testing, inspection and certification * Harmonisation of law * Home state regulation


References


External links


Managed Mutual Recognition Regimes: Governance Without Global Government by Kalypso Nicolaïdis and Gregory ShafferTACD Background Paper on MRAsPublic Citizen description of MRAs
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mutual Recognition Commercial treaties Quality control Globalization