Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr ( ar, آية الله العظمى السيد محمد باقر الصدر; 1 March 1935 – 9 April 1980), also known as al-Shahīd al-Khāmis (the fifth martyr), was an

Iraq Iraq,; ku, عێراق, translit=Êraq officially the Republic of Iraq, '; ku, کۆماری عێراق, translit=Komarî Êraq is a country in Western Asia. It is bordered by Turkey to Iraq–Turkey border, the north, Iran to Iran–Iraq ...

i philosopher, and the ideological founder of the Islamic Dawa Party, born in al-Kadhimiya,

. He was father-in-law to

Muqtada al-Sadr Muqtada al-Sadr ( ar, مقتدى الصدر, Muqtadā aṣ-Ṣadr; born 4 August 1974) is an Iraqi politician and militia leader. He is the leader of the Sadrist Movement and the leader of the Peace Companies, a successor to the militia he had p ...

, a cousin of Muhammad Sadeq al-Sadr and Imam

Musa as-Sadr Musa Sadr al-Din al-Sadr ( ar, موسى صدر الدين الصدر; 4 June 1928 – disappeared 31 August 1978) was an Iranian-born Lebanese scholar and political leader who founded the Amal Movement. Born in the Chaharmardan neighborhood o ...

. His father

Haydar al-Sadr Ayatollah Haydar al-Sadr ( ar, حيدر الصدر; 1891–1937) was born in Samarra, Iraq. His father, Ismail as-Sadr (d. 1920) was a Grand Ayatollah and the first to be use the as-Sadr surname, which came to be associated with a long line of re ...

was a well-respected high-ranking Shi'a cleric. His lineage can be traced back to

Muhammad Muhammad ( ar, مُحَمَّد; 570 – 8 June 632 CE) was an Arab religious, social, and political leader and the founder of Islam. According to Islamic doctrine, he was a prophet divinely inspired to preach and confirm the mon ...

through the seventh Shia Imam Musa al-Kazim. Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr was executed in 1980 by the regime of

Saddam Hussein Saddam Hussein ( ; ar, صدام حسين, Ṣaddām Ḥusayn; 28 April 1937 – 30 December 2006) was an Iraqi politician who served as the fifth president of Iraq from 16 July 1979 until 9 April 2003. A leading member of the revolutio ...

along with his sister,

Amina Sadr bint al-Huda Amina Haydar al-Sadr ( ar, آمنة حيدر الصدر), known as Bint al-Huda al-Sadr (), was an Iraqi educator and political activist who was executed by Saddam Hussein along with her brother, Ayatullah Sayyid Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr, in 198 ...

Biography

Early life and education

Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr was born in al-Kazimiya,

to the prominent Sadr family, which originated from

Jabal Amel Jabal Amil ( ar, جبل عامل, Jabal ʿĀmil), also spelled Jabal Amel and historically known as Jabal Amila, is a cultural and geographic region in Southern Lebanon largely associated with its long-established, predominantly Twelver Shia Musl ...

in Lebanon. His father died in 1937, leaving the family destitute. In 1945, the family moved to the holy city of

Najaf Najaf ( ar, ٱلنَّجَف) or An-Najaf al-Ashraf ( ar, ٱلنَّجَف ٱلْأَشْرَف), also known as Baniqia ( ar, بَانِيقِيَا), is a city in central Iraq about 160 km (100 mi) south of Baghdad. Its estimated popula ...

, where al-Sadr would spend the rest of his life. He was a

child prodigy A child prodigy is defined in psychology research literature as a person under the age of ten who produces meaningful output in some domain at the level of an adult expert. The term is also applied more broadly to young people who are extraor ...

who, at 10, was delivering lectures on

Islamic history The history of Islam concerns the political, social, economic, military, and cultural developments of the Islamic civilization. Most historians believe that Islam originated in Mecca and Medina at the start of the 7th century CE. Muslims ...

. At eleven, he was a student of

logic Logic is the study of correct reasoning. It includes both formal and informal logic. Formal logic is the science of deductively valid inferences or of logical truths. It is a formal science investigating how conclusions follow from prem ...

. He wrote a book criticizing materialist

philosophy Philosophy (from , ) is the systematized study of general and fundamental questions, such as those about existence, reason, knowledge, values, mind, and language. Such questions are often posed as problems to be studied or resolved. ...

when he was 24. Al-Sadr completed his religious studies at religious seminaries under

al-Khoei Grand Ayatollah Sayyid Abu al-Qasim al-Musawi al-Khoei ( ; ar, أبو القاسم الموسوي الخوئي; fa, ; November 19, 1899 – August 8, 1992) was an Iranian- Iraqi Shia marja'. Al-Khoei is considered one of the most influential t ...

and

Muhsin al-Hakim Muhsin al-Tabatabaei al-Hakim ( ar, محسن الطباطبائي الحكيم; 31 May 1889 – 2 June 1970) was an Iraqi Shia religious authority. He became the leading marja' of Najaf in 1946 after the death of Abu al-Hasan al-Isfahani, and ...

, and began teaching at the age of 25.

Later life

Al-Sadr's works attracted the ire of the

Baath Party The Arab Socialist Baʿath Party ( ar, حزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي ' ) was a political party founded in Syria by Mishel ʿAflaq, Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn al-Bītār, and associates of Zaki al-ʾArsūzī. The party espoused B ...

leading to repeated imprisonment where he was often tortured. Despite this, he continued his work after being released. When the Baathists arrested Ayatollah Al-Sadr in 1977, his sister

made a speech in the Imam Ali mosque in Najaf inviting the people to demonstrate. Many demonstrations were held, forcing the Baathists to release Al-Sadr who was placed under house arrest. In 1979–1980, anti-Ba'ath riots arose in Iraq's Shia areas by groups who were working toward an Islamic revolution in their country. Saddam and his deputies believed that the riots had been inspired by the

Iranian Revolution The Iranian Revolution ( fa, انقلاب ایران, Enqelâb-e Irân, ), also known as the Islamic Revolution ( fa, انقلاب اسلامی, Enqelâb-e Eslâmī), was a series of events that culminated in the overthrow of the Pahlavi dyna ...

and instigated by Iran's government. In the aftermath of Iran's revolution, Iraq's Shia community called on Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr to be their “Iraqi

Ayatollah Khomeini Ruhollah Khomeini, Ayatollah Khomeini, Imam Khomeini ( , ; ; 17 May 1900 – 3 June 1989) was an Iranian political and religious leader who served as the first supreme leader of Iran from 1979 until his death in 1989. He was the founder of ...

”, leading a revolt against the Ba'ath regime. Community leaders, tribal heads, and hundreds of ordinary members of the public paid their allegiance to al-Sadr. Protests then erupted in

Baghdad Baghdad (; ar, بَغْدَاد , ) is the capital of Iraq and the second-largest city in the Arab world after Cairo. It is located on the Tigris near the ruins of the ancient city of Babylon and the Sassanid Persian capital of Ctesiphon ...

and the predominantly Shia provinces of the south in May 1979. For nine days, protests against the regime unfolded, but were suppressed by the regime. The cleric's imprisonment led to another wave of protests in June after a seminal, powerful appeal from al-Sadr's sister, Bint al-Huda. Further clashes unfolded between the security forces and protestors. Najaf was put under siege and thousands were tortured and executed. Al-Sadr issued a fatwa prohibiting membership in the ruling Ba'ath party. Called upon by the government to retract it he refused. Filiu, ''Apocalypse in Islam '', 2011: p.143

Execution

Baqir al-Sadr was finally arrested on April 5, 1980, with his sister, Sayyidah bint al-Huda. They had formed a powerful militant movement in opposition to

's regime. On April 9, 1980, Al-Sadr and his sister were killed after being severely tortured by their Baathist captors. Signs of torture could be seen on the bodies. An iron nail was hammered into Al-Sadr's head and he was then set on fire in Najaf. It has been reported that Saddam himself killed them. The Baathists delivered the bodies of Baqir al-Sadr and Bint al-Huda to their cousin Sayyid

Mohammad al-Sadr Grand Ayatollah Sayyid Muhammad Muhammad-Sadiq al-Sadr ( ar, '';'' 23 March 1943 – 19 February 1999) was a prominent Iraqi Shia marja'. He called for government reform and the release of detained Shia leaders. The growth of his popularity, o ...

. They were buried in the Wadi-us-Salaam graveyard in the holy city of

the same night. His execution raised no criticism from Western countries because Al-Sadr had openly supported Ayatollah Khomeini in Iran.

Scholarship

The works by Baqir al-Sadr contains traditional Shia thoughts, while they also suggest ways Shia could "accommodate modernity". The two major works by him are '' Iqtisaduna'' on Islamic economics, and ''

Falsafatuna ''Falsafatuna'' is a book by Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr, published in 1959, which has been translated into English as ''Our Philosophy''. It is a critique of European philosophy, especially of capitalism and socialism, from an Islamic viewpoint. It was ...

'' (Our Philosophy). They were detailed critiques of

Marxism Marxism is a Left-wing politics, left-wing to Far-left politics, far-left method of socioeconomic analysis that uses a Materialism, materialist interpretation of historical development, better known as historical materialism, to understand S ...

that presented his early ideas on an alternative Islamic form of government. They were critiques of both

socialism Socialism is a left-wing economic philosophy and movement encompassing a range of economic systems characterized by the dominance of social ownership of the means of production as opposed to private ownership. As a term, it describes th ...

and

capitalism Capitalism is an economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production and their operation for profit. Central characteristics of capitalism include capital accumulation, competitive markets, price system, private ...

. He was subsequently commissioned by the government of

Kuwait Kuwait (; ar, الكويت ', or ), officially the State of Kuwait ( ar, دولة الكويت '), is a country in Western Asia. It is situated in the northern edge of Eastern Arabia at the tip of the Persian Gulf, bordering Iraq to Iraq–Ku ...

to assess how that country's oil wealth could be managed in keeping with Islamic principles. This led to a major work on

Islamic banking Islamic banking, Islamic finance ( ar, مصرفية إسلامية), or Sharia-compliant finance is banking or financing activity that complies with Sharia (Islamic law) and its practical application through the development of Islamic econo ...

, which still forms the basis for modern Islamic banks. Using his knowledge of the

Quran The Quran (, ; Standard Arabic: , Quranic Arabic: , , 'the recitation'), also romanized Qur'an or Koran, is the central religious text of Islam, believed by Muslims to be a revelation from God. It is organized in 114 chapters (pl.: , ...

and a subject-based approach to

Quranic exegesis Tafsir ( ar, تفسير, tafsīr ) refers to exegesis, usually of the Quran. An author of a ''tafsir'' is a ' ( ar, مُفسّر; plural: ar, مفسّرون, mufassirūn). A Quranic ''tafsir'' attempts to provide elucidation, explanation, in ...

, Al-Sadr extracted two concepts from the Holy text in relation to governance: ''khilafat al-insan'' (Man as heir or trustee of God) and ''shahadat al-anbiya'' (Prophets as witnesses). Al-Sadr explained that throughout history there have been "...two lines. Man's line and the Prophet's line. The former is the ''khalifa'' (trustee) who inherits the earth from God; the latter is the ''shahid'' (witness)".Muhammed Baqir Al-Sadr, ''Al-Islam yaqud al-hayat'', Qum, 1979, p.132 Al-Sadr demonstrated that '' khilafa'' (governance) is "a right given to the whole of humanity" and defined it as an obligation given from God to the human race to "tend the globe and administer human affairs". This was a major advancement of Islamic political theory. While Al-Sadr identified ''khilafa'' as the obligation and right of the people, he used a broad-based explanation of a Quranic verse to identify who held the responsibility of ''shahada'' in an Islamic state. First were the Prophets (anbiya'). Second were the Imams who are considered a divine (''rabbani'') continuation of the Prophets in this line. The last were the ''marja'iyya'' (''see Marja''). While the two functions of ''khilafa'' and ''shahada'' (witness; supervision) were united during the times of the Prophets, they diverged during

the occultation Occultation ( ar, غَيْبَة, ') in Shia Islam refers to the eschatological belief that Mahdi, a descendant of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, has already been born and subsequently concealed, but will reemerge to establish justice and peace ...

so that ''khilafa'' returned to the people (''umma'') and ''shahada'' to the scholars. Al-Sadr also presented a practical application of ''khilafa'', in the absence of the twelfth Imam. He argued that ''khilafa'' required the establishment of a democratic system whereby the people regularly elect their representatives in government:

Islamic theory rejects monarchy as well as the various forms of dictatorial government; it also rejects the aristocratic regimes and proposes a form of government, which contains all the positive aspects of the democratic system.

He continued to champion this point until his final days:

Lastly, I demand, in the name of all of you and in the name of the values you uphold, to allow the people the opportunity truly to exercise their right in running the affairs of the country by holding elections in which a council representing the ummah (people) could truly emerge.' ''

Al-Sadr was executed by

in 1980 before he was able to provide any details of the mechanism for the practical application of the ''shahada'' concept in an Islamic state. A few elaborations of ''shahada'' can be found in Al-Sadr's works. In his text ''Role of the Shiah Imams in the Reconstruction of Islamic Society'', Al-Sadr illustrates the scope and limitations of ''shahada'' by using the example of the third Shi'i Imam, Hussein ibn Ali (the grandson of Muhammad), who defied Yazid, the ruler at the time. Al-Sadr explained that Yazid was not simply acting counter to Islamic teachings, as many rulers before and after him had done, but he was distorting the teachings and traditions of Islam and presenting his deviant ideas as representative of Islam itself. This, therefore, is what led Imam Hussein to intervene challenging Yazid in order to restore the true teachings of Islam, and consequently laying down his own life. In Al-Sadr's own words, the ''shahid's'' (witness – person performing ''shahada'' or supervision) duties are "to protect the correct doctrines and to see that deviations do not grow to the extent of threatening the ideology itself".

List of works

Al-Sadr engaged Western philosophical ideas, challenging them as necessary and incorporating them where appropriate, with the ultimate goal of demonstrating that religious knowledge was not antithetical to scientific knowledge. The following is a list of his work:

Jurisprudence

*''Buhuth fi Sharh al- 'Urwah al' Wuthqa'' (Discourses on the Commentary of ''al- 'Urwah al-Wuthqa''), four volumes *''Al-Ta'liqah 'ala Minhaj al-Salihin'' (Annotation of Ayatullah Hakim's ''Minhaj al-Salihin''), two volumes *''Al-Fatawa al-Wadhihah'' (Clear Decrees). *''Mujaz Ahkam al-Hajj'' (Summarized Rules of Hajj) *''Al-Ta'liqah 'ala Manasik al-Hajj'' (Annotation of Ayatullah Khui's Hajj Rites) *''Al-Ta'liqah 'ala Salah al-Jumu'ah'' (Annotation on Friday Prayer)

Fundamentals of the law

*''Durus fi Ilm al-Usul'' (Lessons in the Science of Jurisprudence), 3 Parts.This has been translated into English twice: by Roy Mottahedeh as ''Lessons in Islamic Jurisprudence'' (2005) (Part 1 only) and anonymously as ''The Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence according to Shi'i Law'' (2003) . *''Al-Ma'alim al-Jadidah lil-Usul'' (The New Signposts of Jurisprudence) *''Ghayat al-Fikr'' (The Highest Degree of Thought)

Philosophy

*''

''

(Our Philosophy) published in 1959

Logic

*''Al-Usus al-Mantiqiyyah lil-Istiqra'' (Logical Foundations of Induction)

Theology

*''Al-Mujaz fi Usul al-Din: al-Mursil, al-Rasul, al-Risalah'' (The Summarized Principles of Religion: The Sender, The Messenger, The Message) *''Al-Tashayyu' wa al-Islam - Bahth Hawl al-Wilayah'' (Discourse on Divine Authority) *''Bahth Hawl al-Mahdi'' (Discourse on Imam Mahdi)

Economics

*'' Iqtisaduna'' (Our Economy) *''Al-Bank al-la Ribawi fi al-Islam'' (Usury-free Banking in Islam) *''Maqalat Iqtisadiyyah'' (Essays in Economy)

Qur'anic commentaries

*''Al-Tafsir al-Mawzu'i lil-Qur'an al-Karim - al-Madrasah al-Qur'aniyyah'' (The Thematic Exegesis of the Holy Qur'an) *''Buhuth fi 'Ulum al-Qur'an'' (Discourses on Qur'anic Sciences) *''Maqalat Qur'aniyyah'' (Essays on Qur'an)

History

*''Ahl al-Bayt Tanawwu' Ahdaf wa Wahdah Hadaf'' (Ahl al- Bayt, Variety of Objectives Towards a Single Goal) *''Fadak fi al-Tarikh'' (Fadak in History)

Islamic culture

*''Al-Islam Yaqud al-Hayah'' (Islam Directive to Life) *''Al-Madrasah al-Islamiyyah'' (Islamic School) *''Risalatuna'' (Our Mission) *''Nazrah Ammah fi al-Ibadat'' (General View on Rites of Worship) *''Maqalat wa Muhazrat'' (Essays and Lectures)

Articles

*"Al-'Amal wa al-Ahdaf" (The Deeds and the Goals): Min Fikr al- Da'wah. No. 13. Islamic Da'wah Party, central propagation, place and date of publication unknown. *"Al-'Amal al-Salih fi al-Quran" (The Proper Deeds According to Qur'an): Ikhtrna Lak. Beirut: Dar al-Zahra', 1982 *"Ahl al-Bayt: Tanawu' Adwar wa-Wihdat Hadaf" (The Household of the Prophet: Diversity of Roles But Unified Goal). Beirut: Dar al-Ta'ruf, 1985. *"Bahth Hawla al-Mahdi" (Thesis on Messiah). Beirut: Dar al- Ta'ruf, 1983. *"Bahth Hawla al-Wilayah" (Thesis on Rulership). Kuwait: Dar al- Tawhid, 1977. *"Da'watana il al-Islam Yajeb an Takun Enqilabiyah," (Our Call for Islam Must be Revolutionary): Fikr al-Da'wah, No. 13. Islamic Da'wah Party, central propagation, place and date of publication unknown. *"Dawr al-A'imah fi al-Hayat al-Islamiyah" (The Role of Imams in Muslims' Life): Ikhtarna Lak. Beirut: Dar al-Zahra', 1982 *"al-Dawlah al-Islamiyah" (The Islamic State), al-Jihad (March 14, 1983): 5 *"Hawla al-Marhala al-Ula min 'Amal al-Da'wah" (On the First Stage of Da'wah Political Program): Min Fikr al-Da'wah. No. 13. Islamic Da'wah Party, central propagation, place and date of publishing unknown. *"Hawla al-Ism wa-al-Shakl al-Tanzimi li-Hizb al-Da'wah al- Islamiyah" (On the Name and the Structural Organization of the Islamic Da'wah Party): Min Fikr al-Da'wah. No. 13. Islamic Da'wah Party, central propagation, place and date of publication unknown. *"al-Huriyah fi al-Quran" (Freedom According to the Quran): Ikhtarna Lak. Beirut: Dar al-Zahra', 1982 *"al-Itijahat al-Mustaqbaliyah li-Harakat al-Ijtihad" (The Future Trends of the Process of Ijtihad): Ikhtarna Lak. Beirut: Dar al-Zahra', 1980. *"al-Insan al-Mu'asir wa-al-Mushkilah al-Ijtima'yah" (Contemporary Man and the Social Problem) *"al-Janib al-Iqtisadi Min al-Nizam al-Islami" (The Economic Perspective of the Islamic System): Ikhtarna Lak. Beirut: Dar al-Zahra', 1982 *"Khalafat al-Insan wa-Shahadat al-Anbia" (Victory Role of Man, and Witness Role of Prophets): al-Islam Yaqwod al-Hayat. Iran: Islamic Ministry of Guidance, n.d. *"Khatut Tafsiliyah 'An Iqtisad al-Mujtama' al-Islami (General Basis of Economics of Islamic Society): al-Islam Yaqud al-Hayah. Iran: Islamic Ministry of Guidance, n.d. *"Lamha fiqhiyah Hawla Dustur al-Jumhuriyah al-Islamiyah" (A Preliminary Jurisprudence Basis of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic): al-Islam Yaqwod al-Hayat Iran: Islamic Ministry of Guidance, n.d. *"Madha Ta'ruf 'an al-Iqtisad al-Islami" (What Do You Know About Islamic Economics). al-Islam Yaqwod al-Hayat Iran: Islamic Ministry of Guidance, n.d. *"Manabi' al-Qudra fi al-Dawlah al-Islamiyah" (The Sources of Power in an Islamic State). al-Islam Yaqwod al-Hayat Iran: Islamic Ministry of Guidance, n.d. *"al-Mihna" (The Ordeal). Sawt al-Wihdah, Nos. 5, 6, 7. (n.d) *"Minhaj al-Salihin" (The Path of the Righteous). Beirut: Dar al- Ta'aruf, 1980. *"Muqaddimat fi al-Tafsir al-Mawdu'i Lil-Quran" (Introductions in Thematic Exegesis of the Quran). Kuwait: Dar al- Tawjyyh al-Islami, 1980. *"Nazarah 'Amah fi al-'Ibadat" (General Outlook on Worship): al-Fatawa al-Wadhiha. Beirut: Dar al-Ta'aruf, 1981. *"al-Nazriyah al-Islamiyah li-Tawzi' al-Masadr al-Tabi'iyah" (Islamic Theory of Distribution of Natural Resources): Ikhtarna Lak. Beirut: Dar al-Zahra', 1982. *"al-Nizam al-Islami Muqaranan bil-Nizam al-Ra'smali wa-al- Markisi" (The Islamic System Compared with The Capitalist and The Marxist Systems). Ikhtarna Lak. Beirut: Dar-al Zahra', 1982. *"Risalatuna wa-al-Da'wah" (Our Message and Our Sermon). Risalatuna. Beirut: al-Dar al-Islamiyah, 1981. *"Al-Shakhsiyah al-Islamiyah" (Muslim Personality): Min Fikr al-Da'wah al-Islamiyah (Of the Thoughts of Islamic Da'wah). No. 13. Islamic Da'wah Party, central propagation, place and date of publication unknown. *"Surah 'An Iqtisad al-Mujtama' al-Islami" (A Perspective on the Economy of Muslim Society). al-Islam Yaqwod al-Hayat Iran: Islamic Ministry of Guidance, n.d. *"al-Usus al-Amah li-al-Bank fi al-Mujtam al-Islami" (The General Basis of Banks in Islamic Society). in al-Islam Yaqwod al-Hayat Iran: Islamic Ministry of Guidance, n.d. *"Utruhat al-Marja'iyah al-Salihah" (Thesis on Suitable ''Marja'iyah''). In Kazim al-Ha'iri, Mabahith fi 'Ilm al-Usul.Qum, Iran: n.p., 1988. *"al-Yaqin al-Riyadi wa-al-Mantiq al-Waz'i" (The Mathematic Certainty and the Phenomenal Logic): Ikhtrna Lak. Beirut: Dar al-Zahra', 1982. *"Preface to al-Sahifah al-Sajadiyah" (of Imam Ali ibn Hussein al-Sajad) Tehran: al-Maktabah al-Islamiyah al-Kubra, n.d.

Notable colleagues and students

Hassan Nasrallah Hassan Nasrallah ( ar, حسن نصر الله ; born 31 August 1960) is a Lebanese cleric and political leader who has served as the 3rd secretary-general of Hezbollah since his predecessor, Abbas al-Musawi, was assassinated by the Israel D ...

Muhammad Hussein Fadlullah Grand Ayatollah Muhammad Husayn Fadlallah (also Sayyed Muhammad Hussein Fadl-Allāh; ar, محمد حسين فضل الله; 16 November 1935 – 4 July 2010) was a prominent twelver Shia cleric from a Lebanese family. Born in Najaf, Iraq, ...

Muhammad Baqir al-Hakim Ayatollah al-Sayyid Muhammad Baqir Muhsin al-Hakim at-Tabataba'i (8 July 1939 – 29 August 2003; ar, السيد محمد باقر محسن الحكيم الطباطبائي), also known as Shaheed al-Mehraab, was a senior Iraqi Shia Islamic S ...

Muhammad Muhammad Sadiq as-Sadr Grand Ayatollah Sayyid Muhammad-Sadiq al-Sadr ( ar, ; born 23 March 1943 – 19 February 1999) was a prominent Iraqi Shia marja'. He called for government reform and the release of detained Shia leaders. The growth of his popularity, often r ...

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* Kazem al-Haeri *

Abbas al-Musawi Abbas al-Musawi (; ar, عباس الموسوي; 26 October 1952 – 16 February 1992) was an influential Lebanese Shia cleric, co-founder and Secretary General of Hezbollah. He was killed by the Israel Defense Forces in 1992. Early life ...

Talib Jauhari Talib Johri (27 August 1929 – 21 June 2020) ( ur, ) was a Pakistani Islamic scholar, poet, historian and philosopher of the Shia Sect of Islam. He is widely renowned as the most prominent Shia scholar, and his sermons were broadcast on PTV ...

* Syed Sajid Ali Naqvi *

Allama Syed Zeeshan Haider Jawadi Syed Zeeshan Haider Jawadi (17 September 1938 – 15 April 2000) was an Indian Islamic scholar, religious leader, public speaker, Qur'anic interpreter, Urdu poet, historian and philosopher of Shia Islam. Biography Syed Zeeshan Haider Jawadi ...

Citations

General sources

* Mallat, Chibli. "Muhammad Baqir as-Sadr". ''Pioneers of Islamic Revival''. Ali Rahnema (ed.). London: Zed Books, 1994 {{DEFAULTSORT:Sadr, Muhammad Baqir Al- 1935 births 1980 deaths Iraqi Shia clerics Iraqi people of Lebanese descent Islamic philosophers Iraqi ayatollahs People from Kadhimiya Iraqi Shia Muslims Al-Moussawi family Islamic Dawa Party politicians Shia scholars of Islam Executed philosophers 20th-century executions by Iraq Twelvers Iraqi dissidents