Viscount was a
Meiji period
The is an era of Japanese history that extended from October 23, 1868 to July 30, 1912.
The Meiji era was the first half of the Empire of Japan, when the Japanese people moved from being an isolated feudal society at risk of colonization ...
Japanese
statesman
A statesman or stateswoman typically is a politician who has had a long and respected political career at the national or international level.
Statesman or Statesmen may also refer to:
Newspapers United States
* ''The Statesman'' (Oregon), a ...
,
diplomat
A diplomat (from grc, δίπλωμα; romanized ''diploma'') is a person appointed by a state or an intergovernmental institution such as the United Nations or the European Union to conduct diplomacy with one or more other states or interna ...
, and founder of Japan's modern educational system.
Early life
Mori was born in the
Satsuma domain
The , briefly known as the , was a domain (''han'') of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan during the Edo period from 1602 to 1871.
The Satsuma Domain was based at Kagoshima Castle in Satsuma Province, the core of the modern city of Kagoshima, l ...
(modern
Kagoshima prefecture
is a prefecture of Japan located on the island of Kyushu and the Ryukyu Islands. Kagoshima Prefecture has a population of 1,599,779 (1 January 2020) and has a geographic area of 9,187 km2 (3,547 sq mi). Kagoshima Prefecture borders Kumamoto P ...
) from a ''
samurai
were the hereditary military nobility and officer caste of medieval and early-modern Japan from the late 12th century until their abolition in 1876. They were the well-paid retainers of the '' daimyo'' (the great feudal landholders). They h ...
'' family, and educated in the ''Kaisenjo'' School for Western Learning run by the Satsuma domain. In 1865, he was sent as a student to
University College London
, mottoeng = Let all come who by merit deserve the most reward
, established =
, type = Public research university
, endowment = £143 million (2020)
, budget = ...
in
Great Britain
Great Britain is an island in the North Atlantic Ocean off the northwest coast of continental Europe. With an area of , it is the largest of the British Isles, the largest European island and the ninth-largest island in the world. It i ...
, where he studied western techniques in
mathematics,
physics
Physics is the natural science that studies matter, its fundamental constituents, its motion and behavior through space and time, and the related entities of energy and force. "Physical science is that department of knowledge which r ...
, and naval
surveying. He returned to Japan just after the start of the
Meiji Restoration
The , referred to at the time as the , and also known as the Meiji Renovation, Revolution, Regeneration, Reform, or Renewal, was a political event that restored practical imperial rule to Japan in 1868 under Emperor Meiji. Although there were ...
and took on a number of governmental positions within the new
Meiji government.
Meiji statesman
Mori was the first Japanese ambassador to the
United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...
, from 1871 to 1873. During his stay in the United States, he became very interested in western methods of education and western social institutions. On his return to Japan, he organized the
Meirokusha, Japan's first modern intellectual society.
Mori was a member of the
Meiji Enlightenment movement, and advocated
freedom of religion
Freedom of religion or religious liberty is a principle that supports the freedom of an individual or community, in public or private, to manifest religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship, and observance. It also includes the freed ...
,
secular education,
equal rights for women
Women's rights are the rights and entitlements claimed for women and girls worldwide. They formed the basis for the women's rights movement in the 19th century and the feminist movements during the 20th and 21st centuries. In some countries, ...
(except for voting),
international law
International law (also known as public international law and the law of nations) is the set of rules, norms, and standards generally recognized as binding between states. It establishes normative guidelines and a common conceptual framework for ...
, and most drastically, the abandonment of the Japanese language in favor of English.
In 1875, he established the ''Shoho Koshujo'' (Japan's first commercial college), the predecessor of
Hitotsubashi University
is a national university located in Tokyo, Japan. It has campuses in Kunitachi, Kodaira, and Chiyoda. One of the top 9 Designated National University in Japan, Hitotsubashi is a relatively small institution specialized solely in social science ...
. Thereafter, he successively served as ambassador to
Qing dynasty
The Qing dynasty ( ), officially the Great Qing,, was a Manchu-led imperial dynasty of China and the last orthodox dynasty in Chinese history. It emerged from the Later Jin dynasty founded by the Jianzhou Jurchens, a Tungusic-spea ...
China,
Senior Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs, ambassador to Great Britain, member of ''Sanjiin'' (legislative advisory council) and Education Ministry official.
He was recruited by
Itō Hirobumi to join the first cabinet as
Minister of Education and continued in the same post under the
Kuroda administration from 1886 to 1889. During this period, he enacted the "Mori Reforms" of Japan's education system, which included six years of compulsory, co-educational schooling, and the creation of high schools for training of a select elite. Under his leadership, the central ministry took greater control over school curriculum and emphasized
Neo-Confucian
Neo-Confucianism (, often shortened to ''lǐxué'' 理學, literally "School of Principle") is a moral, ethical, and metaphysical Chinese philosophy influenced by Confucianism, and originated with Han Yu (768–824) and Li Ao (772–841) in t ...
morality and national loyalty in the lower schools while allowing some intellectual freedom in higher education.
He has been denounced by post-
World War II
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing ...
liberals as a reactionary who was responsible for Japanese elitist and statist educational system, while he was equally condemned by his contemporaries as a radical who imposed unwanted westernization on Japanese society at the expense of Japanese culture and tradition. For example, he
advocated the use of English. He was also a known Christian.
Mori was stabbed by an
ultranationalist
Ultranationalism or extreme nationalism is an extreme form of nationalism in which a country asserts or maintains detrimental hegemony, supremacy, or other forms of control over other nations (usually through violent coercion) to pursue its sp ...
on the very day of promulgation of the
Meiji Constitution
The Constitution of the Empire of Japan (Kyūjitai: ; Shinjitai: , ), known informally as the Meiji Constitution (, ''Meiji Kenpō''), was the constitution of the Empire of Japan which was proclaimed on February 11, 1889, and remained in for ...
in 1889, and died the next day. The assassin was outraged by Mori's alleged
failure to follow religious protocol during his visit to
Ise Shrine
The , located in Ise, Mie Prefecture of Japan, is a Shinto shrine dedicated to the sun goddess Amaterasu. Officially known simply as , Ise Jingū is a shrine complex composed of many Shinto shrines centered on two main shrines, and .
The Inner ...
two years earlier; for example, Mori was said to have not removed his shoes before entering and pushed aside a sacred veil with a walking stick.
Selected portions of his writings may be found in
W.R. Braisted's book ''Meiroku Zasshi: Journal of the Japanese Enlightenment'' which were originally published in a magazine entitled ''
Meiroku zasshi''.
In popular culture
Mori appears as a minor character in the alternate history novel ''
The Difference Engine'', by William Gibson and Bruce Sterling, as an enthusiast of modernity and a protégé of
Laurence Oliphant.
See also
*
Japanese students in Britain
The first Japanese students in the United Kingdom arrived in the nineteenth century, sent to study at University College London by the Chōshū Domain, Chōshū and Satsuma han, Satsuma domains, then the Bakufu (Shogunate). Many went on to study at ...
*
Anglo-Japanese relations
*
Yūrei zaka
References
Further reading
* Cobbing, Andrew. ''The Japanese Discovery of Victorian Britain''. RoutledgeCurzon, London, 1998.
*Hall, Ivan Parker. ''Mori Arinori''. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1973. .
*"Mori Arinori, 1847–89: From Diplomat to Statesman", Chapter One, ''Britain & Japan: Biographical Portraits Volume 4,'' by Andrew Cobbing, Japan Library 2002.
*Morikawa, Terumichi (2015). “Mori Arinori and Japanese Education (1847-1889)”. ''Education about Asia'', Volume 20:2 (Fall 2015): Asia: Biographies and Personal Stories, Part II. https://www.asianstudies.org/publications/eaa/archives/mori-arinori-and-japanese-education-1847-1889/.
* Smith, Patrick. ''Japan: A Reinterpretation''. New York: Pantheon, 1997. . pp. 75–106.
External links
*
Mori, Arinori(
National Diet Library)
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mori, Arinori
1847 births
1889 deaths
Japanese expatriates in the United Kingdom
People from Satsuma Domain
Japanese Christians
Assassinated Japanese politicians
Assassinated educators
Kazoku
People of Meiji-period Japan
People murdered in Tokyo
Shimazu retainers
Education ministers of Japan
Ambassadors of Japan to the United Kingdom
Ambassadors of Japan to the United States
Alumni of University College London
Hitotsubashi University
University and college founders