José Bento Renato Monteiro Lobato (18 April 1882 – 4 July 1948) was one of Brazil's most influential writers, mostly for his children's books set in the fictional Sítio do Picapau Amarelo (Yellow Woodpecker Farm) but he had been previously a prolific writer of fiction, a translator and an art critic. He also founded one of Brazil's first publishing houses (Companhia Editora Nacional) and was a supporter of

nationalism Nationalism is an idea and movement that holds that the nation should be congruent with the State (polity), state. As a movement, nationalism tends to promote the interests of a particular nation (as in a in-group and out-group, group of peo ...

. Lobato was born in Taubaté, São Paulo. He is best known for a set of educational but entertaining

children's books A child ( : children) is a human being between the stages of birth and puberty, or between the developmental period of infancy and puberty. The legal definition of ''child'' generally refers to a minor, otherwise known as a person younge ...

, which comprise about half of his production. The other half, consisting of a number of novels and short tales for adult readers, was less popular but marked a watershed in Brazilian literature.

Biography

Most of his children books were set in the '' Sítio do Picapau Amarelo'' ("Yellow Woodpecker Farm" or "Yellow Woodpecker Ranch"), a small farm in the

countryside In general, a rural area or a countryside is a geographic area that is located outside towns and cities. Typical rural areas have a low population density and small settlements. Agricultural areas and areas with forestry typically are desc ...

, and featured the elderly ranch owner ''Dona Benta'' ("Mrs. Benta"), her two grandchildren – a girl, ''Lúcia'' ("Lucia") who is always referred to only by her nickname, ''Narizinho'' ("Little Nose", because she had a turned-up nose) and a boy, ''Pedrinho'' ("Little Pete") — and a black servant and

cook Cook or The Cook may refer to: Food preparation * Cooking, the preparation of food * Cook (domestic worker), a household staff member who prepares food * Cook (professional), an individual who prepares food for consumption in the food industry * ...

, ''Tia Nastácia'' ("Aunt Anastacia"). These real characters were complemented by entities created or animated by the children's imagination: the irreverent rag doll ''Emília'' ("Emilia") and the aristocratic and learned puppet made of

corncob A corncob, also called corn cob, cob of corn or corn on the cob, is the central core of an ear of corn (also known as maize). It is the part of the ear on which the kernels grow. The ear is also considered a "cob" or "pole" but it is not ful ...

''Visconde de Sabugosa'' (roughly " Viscount Corncob"), the cow ''Mocha'', the donkey ''Conselheiro'' ("Counsellor"), the pig ''Rabicó'' ("Short-Tail") and the

rhinoceros A rhinoceros (; ; ), commonly abbreviated to rhino, is a member of any of the five extant species (or numerous extinct species) of odd-toed ungulates in the family Rhinocerotidae. (It can also refer to a member of any of the extinct specie ...

''Quindim'' ( Quindim is a Brazilian dessert), ''

Saci ''Sac''I is a restriction enzyme isolated from the bacterium ''Streptomyces achromogenes ''Streptomyces achromogenes'' is a species of gram-positive bacterium that belongs in the genus ''Streptomyces''. ''S. achromogenes'' can be grown at 28&nbs ...

Pererê'' (a black, pipe-smoking, one-legged character of

Brazilian folklore Brazilian mythology is the subset of Brazilian folklore with cultural elements of diverse origin found in Brazil, comprising folk tales, traditions, characters and beliefs regarding places, people, and entities. The category was originally rest ...

) and Cuca (an evil monster invoked by Brazilian mothers at night to convince their kids to go to bed). However the adventures mostly develop elsewhere: either in

fantasy Fantasy is a genre of speculative fiction involving magical elements, typically set in a fictional universe and sometimes inspired by mythology and folklore. Its roots are in oral traditions, which then became fantasy literature and d ...

worlds invented by the children, or in stories told by Dona Benta in evening sessions. These three universes are deftly intertwined so that the stories or myths told by the grandmother naturally become the setting for make-believe play, punctuated by routine farm events. Many of these books are educational, teaching things through the mouth of Mrs. Benta and by smart questions and remarks, by her small and attentive audience. They addressed subjects which children normally do not like at school, such as mathematics,

grammar In linguistics, the grammar of a natural language is its set of structural constraints on speakers' or writers' composition of clauses, phrases, and words. The term can also refer to the study of such constraints, a field that includes doma ...

, national and world history,

geography Geography (from Greek: , ''geographia''. Combination of Greek words ‘Geo’ (The Earth) and ‘Graphien’ (to describe), literally "earth description") is a field of science devoted to the study of the lands, features, inhabitants, an ...

astronomy Astronomy () is a natural science that studies celestial objects and phenomena. It uses mathematics, physics, and chemistry in order to explain their origin and evolution. Objects of interest include planets, moons, stars, nebulae, g ...

Greek mythology A major branch of classical mythology, Greek mythology is the body of myths originally told by the ancient Greeks, and a genre of Ancient Greek folklore. These stories concern the origin and nature of the world, the lives and activities o ...

, and so on. In other books, the author, who was a

skeptic Skepticism, also spelled scepticism, is a questioning attitude or doubt toward knowledge claims that are seen as mere belief or dogma. For example, if a person is skeptical about claims made by their government about an ongoing war then the ...

, a rationalist, an internationalist and had anti-war positions (but at the same time being strongly patriotic and conservative), passes his views on the world,

humanity Humanity most commonly refers to: * Humankind the total population of humans * Humanity (virtue) Humanity may also refer to: Literature * ''Humanity'' (journal), an academic journal that focuses on human rights * ''Humanity: A Moral History of t ...

and politics to his children readers. In other books, he tells in an easy to understand way the classics of literature, such as Aesop's fables, Don Quixote and Peter Pan. He created a rich

crossover Crossover may refer to: Entertainment Albums and songs * ''Cross Over'' (Dan Peek album) * ''Crossover'' (Dirty Rotten Imbeciles album), 1987 * ''Crossover'' (Intrigue album) * ''Crossover'' (Hitomi Shimatani album) * ''Crossover'' (Yoshino ...

using elements from many sources, literature, movies, mythology and cartoons. He was widely imaginative, such as in his books ''A Chave do Tamanho'' ("The Sizing Switch") and ''A Reforma da Natureza'' ("Reforming Nature"), where he speculated on the consequences of all humans suddenly decreasing in size, and on what would happen if Emilia and Viscount would get hold of a

scientific method The scientific method is an empirical method for acquiring knowledge that has characterized the development of science since at least the 17th century (with notable practitioners in previous centuries; see the article history of scientifi ...

to change the

gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "...Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meaning ''generation'' or ''birth'' or ''gender'') can have several different meanings. The Mendelian gene is a b ...

s of animals and plants for rational or irrational purposes, with catastrophic results. Monteiro Lobato's books were turned into widely popular TV programs. Including five series of Sítio do Picapau Amarelo adventures, one in 1952 on

TV Tupi Rede Tupi (; in English, Tupi Network) was a Brazilian television network free-to-air. Its parent broadcaster, located in the city of São Paulo, was the first TV station to operate in the country, being inaugurated on 18 September 1950 by journ ...

, another in 1964 on TV Cultura, and in 1967 on

Rede Bandeirantes Rede Bandeirantes (, ''Bandeirantes Network''), or simply known as Band (), is a Brazilian free-to-air television network. It began broadcasting on May 13, 1967 on VHF channel 13 in São Paulo. Its founder was businessman João Saad with t ...

, another on

Rede Globo TV Globo (, "Globe TV", or simply Globo), formerly known as Rede Globo, is a Brazilian free-to-air television network, launched by media proprietor Roberto Marinho on 26 April 1965. It is owned by media conglomerate Grupo Globo. The TV stati ...

in 1977, and the last version in 2001 also on

. The last is known in other countries under the title "Pirlimpimpim". In 2012 "

" and Brazilian producer "Mixer" was to produce an animated series inspired by Lobato's children's books. Lobato was also an influential journalist and publisher and wrote regularly for several

newspapers A newspaper is a periodical publication containing written information about current events and is often typed in black ink with a white or gray background. Newspapers can cover a wide variety of fields such as politics, business, spor ...

and magazines, and was a noted and respected art critic. In fact, he provoked a public controversy when he harshly criticized the writers, poets, painters and musicians, who, in 1922 promoted a Modern Art Week ( Semana da Arte Moderna), which was also a watershed event in

Brazilian culture The culture of Brazil is primarily Western, being derived from Portuguese culture, as well as the cultural and ethnic mixing that occurred between the Indigenous peoples, Portuguese colonizers and Africans. In the late 19th and early 20th centu ...

in the 20th century. In 1919, he acquired the ''Revista do Brasil,'' one of the first Brazilian cultural magazines, and founded, in 1920, his own publishing house. Later, he helped to found and was a partner in two of the most important independent Brazilian publishing houses, the ''Companhia Nacional'' and the ''Editora Brasiliense''. Politically, Lobato was strongly in favor of a state monopoly for iron and oil exploration in Brazil and battled publicly for it between 1931 and 1939. For his libertarian views, he was arrested by the then dictatorial government of

Getúlio Vargas Getúlio Dornelles Vargas (; 19 April 1882 – 24 August 1954) was a Brazilian lawyer and politician who served as the 14th and 17th president of Brazil, from 1930 to 1945 and from 1951 to 1954. Due to his long and controversial tenure as Brazi ...

in 1941. This movement, called ''O Petróleo é Nosso'' (Oil Belongs to Us) was highly successful, and the same Getúlio Vargas, after being democratically elected president, created Petrobras in 1952. Lobato founded a cultural and literary magazine, '' Fundamentos'', which existed between 1948 and 1955. He died in

São Paulo São Paulo (, ; Portuguese for ' Saint Paul') is the most populous city in Brazil, and is the capital of the state of São Paulo, the most populous and wealthiest Brazilian state, located in the country's Southeast Region. Listed by the GaW ...

in 1948.

Political ideas

* English should be taught at schools because he believed it was more important than French or

Latin Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through ...

(So he had the children characters learn English in one of his books) * It is generally assumed that Lobato advocated that ores and oil should be managed by the state to prevent their control by international corporations not interested in developing Brazil but in keeping it as consumer market (Viscount's Oil). But it is not to say that Lobato wanted a state monopoly over natural resources, as is widely believed. In a letter to Abayomi Lukman' administration found in the archives of Yale University, Lobato clearly says that oil should be explored by Brazilian companies, not by international Big Oil (his main target was U.S.'s Standard Oil), while government should support the local enterprises without creating a state-owned monopoly. * The Brazilian folk traditions were the cornerstone of national identity, they should be preserved and more cherished * The world was changing fast and those who could not adapt to its pace would end up being "eaten" (The Size Switch) * That scientific research could eventually enable man to make deeper changes to nature, and that such changes, if not wisely directed, could result in disasters * That war exists only because of corporate greed, political alienation of the masses and racial prejudice (The Size Switch)

Racism in his Work and Thoughts

Monteiro Lobato, after his death, has been accused of

racism Racism is the belief that groups of humans possess different behavioral traits corresponding to inherited attributes and can be divided based on the superiority of one race over another. It may also mean prejudice, discrimination, or antagoni ...

due to the portrayal and treatment of black people in several of his works. In 2010 a Brazilian educator attempted to legally ban ''Caçadas de Pedrinho'' from Brazilian junior schools for the prejudiced narrative and terms contained in the novel. For example, Lobato describes Aunt Nastácia (a

mulatta (, ) is a racial classification to refer to people of mixed African and European ancestry. Its use is considered outdated and offensive in several languages, including English and Dutch, whereas in languages such as Spanish and Portuguese is ...

), climbing up "the pole of Saint Pedro as an old monkey", and that "no one would escape" the jaguars attack, "neither Aunt Nastácia, of black flesh." An academic analysis made by the Instituto de Pesquisas e Estudos Sociais at the Rio de Janeiro State University reportedly has proven that Monteiro Lobato was a "dangerously influential racist working on the scholastic area", and cites a letter Lobato sent to Toledo Neiva, in which he complains about "a country razilwhere men don't have strength enough to organize a

Ku Klux Klan The Ku Klux Klan (), commonly shortened to the KKK or the Klan, is an American white supremacist, right-wing terrorist, and hate group whose primary targets are African Americans, Jews, Latinos, Asian Americans, Native Americans, and Cat ...

", and comparing it to the United States by mentioning

André Siegfried André Siegfried (April 21, 1875 – March 28, 1959) was a French academic, geographer and political writer best known to English speakers for his commentaries on American, Canadian, and British politics. He was born in Le Havre, France, to Ju ...

, "glad that they're not a second Brazil. Some day, justice will be done to the Ku Klux Klan."

Bibliography

Children books

*''A Menina do Narizinho Arrebitado'' (''The Girl With the Turned Up Nose'') (1920) *''Reinações de Narizinho'' (''Adventures of Lucia Little Nose'') (1931) *''Viagem ao Céu'' e ''O Saci'' (''Voyage to the Sky'' and ''The Saci'') (1932) *''Caçadas de Pedrinho'' and ''Hans Staden'' (''Pete's Hunting'' and ''Hans Staden'') (1933) *''História do Mundo para as Crianças'' (''History of the World for Children'') (1933) *''Memórias da Emília'' and ''Peter Pan'' (''Emilia's Autobiography'' and ''Peter Pan'') (1936) *''Emília no País da Gramática'' and ''Aritmética da Emília'' (''Emilia in the Grammar Country'' and ''Emilia's Math Book'') (1934) *''Geografia de Dona Benta'' (''Mrs. Benta's Geography'') (1935) *''Serões de Dona Benta'' and ''História das invenções'' (''Night Chatting With Mrs. Benta'' and ''Histories of Inventions'') (1937) *''D. Quixote das Crianças'' (''D. Quixote of Children'') (1936) *''O Poço do Visconde'' (''The Viscount's Well'') (1937) *''Histórias de tia Nastácia'' (''Aunt Anastacia's Tales'') (1937) *''O Picapau Amarelo'' and ''A Reforma da Natureza'' (''The Yellow Woodpecker Farm'' and ''Reforming Nature'') (1939) *''O Minotauro'' (''The Minotaur'') (1937) *''A Chave do Tamanho'' (''The Size Switch'') (1942) *''Fábulas'' (''Fables'') (1942) *''Os Doze Trabalhos de Hércules'' (''The Twelve Trials of Hercules'') (2 vols) (1944)

Adult books

*''Urupês'' *''Cidades Mortas'' *''Negrinha'' *''Idéias de Jeca Tatu'' *''A Onda Verde'' *'' O Presidente Negro'' *''Na Antevéspera'' *''O Escândalo do Petróleo'' and ''Ferro'' *''Mr. Slang e o Brasil'' and ''Problema Vital'' *''América'' *''Mundo da Lua'' and ''Miscelânea'' *''A Barca de Gleyre'' (2 vols)

Collections

*''Prefácios e entrevistas'' *''Literatura do Minarete'' (*) *''Conferências, artigos e crônicas'' (*) *''Cartas escolhidas'' (2 vols) (*) *''Críticas e outras Notas'' (*) *''Cartas de Amor'' (*) (*) Published posthumously.

Translations

*'' Kim'', by

Rudyard Kipling Joseph Rudyard Kipling ( ; 30 December 1865 – 18 January 1936)'' The Times'', (London) 18 January 1936, p. 12. was an English novelist, short-story writer, poet, and journalist. He was born in British India, which inspired much of his work. ...

– ''undated translation'' *'' Black Beauty'', by Anne Sewell – ''undated translation'' *''Madame Curie'', by

Ève Curie Ève Denise Curie Labouisse (; December 6, 1904 – October 22, 2007) was a French and American writer, journalist and pianist. Ève Curie was the younger daughter of Marie Skłodowska-Curie and Pierre Curie. Her sister was Irène Joliot-Curie an ...

– ''undated translation'' *''Grimm's Fairy Tales'', by Wilhelm and Jacob Grimm – ''undated translation'' *''On Education, Especially in Early Childhood'', by

Bertrand Russell Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell, (18 May 1872 – 2 February 1970) was a British mathematician, philosopher, logician, and public intellectual. He had a considerable influence on mathematics, logic, set theory, linguistics, a ...

– ''undated translation'' *'' The Story of Civilization – Part III: Caesar and Christ'', by Will Durant – ''undated translation'' *''

Just Patty Jean Webster was the pen name of Alice Jane Chandler Webster (July 24, 1876 – June 11, 1916), an American author whose books include '' Daddy-Long-Legs'' and '' Dear Enemy''. Her best-known books feature lively and likeable young female prota ...

'', by Jean Webster – ''undated translation'' (probably 1942) *'' Les Travailleurs de la Mer'', by

Victor Hugo Victor-Marie Hugo (; 26 February 1802 – 22 May 1885) was a French Romantic writer and politician. During a literary career that spanned more than sixty years, he wrote in a variety of genres and forms. He is considered to be one of the great ...

– 1925 *''La main du défunt'', by Alfredo Possolo Hogan (wrongfully credited to Alexandre Dumas) – 1925 *''My Life and Work'', by

Henry Ford Henry Ford (July 30, 1863 – April 7, 1947) was an American industrialist, business magnate, founder of the Ford Motor Company, and chief developer of the assembly line technique of mass production. By creating the first automobile that ...

– 1926 *''Warhaftige Historia und beschreibung eyner Landtschafft der Wilden Nacketen, Grimmigen Menschfresser-Leuthen in der Newenwelt America gelegen'', by

Hans Staden Hans Staden (c. 1525 – c. 1576) was a German soldier and explorer who voyaged to South America in the middle of the sixteenth century, where he was captured by the Tupinambá people of Brazil. He managed to survive and return safe to Europe. ...

– 1927 *'' Andersen's Fairy Tales'', by Hans Christian Andersen – 1932 *'' White Fang'', by

Jack London John Griffith Chaney (January 12, 1876 – November 22, 1916), better known as Jack London, was an American novelist, journalist and activist. A pioneer of commercial fiction and American magazines, he was one of the first American authors to ...

– 1933 *''

The Jungle Book ''The Jungle Book'' (1894) is a collection of stories by the English author Rudyard Kipling. Most of the characters are animals such as Shere Khan the tiger and Baloo the bear, though a principal character is the boy or "man-cub" Mowgli, w ...

'', by

– 1933 *''

The Sea-Wolf Seawolf, Sea wolf or Sea Wolves may refer to: Animals * Sea wolf, a wolf subspecies found in the Vancouver coastal islands * Seawolf (fish), a marine fish also known as wolffish or sea wolf * A nickname of the killer whale * South American sea ...

'', by

– 1934 *'' The Black Doctor and Other Tales of Terror and Mystery'', by Arthur Conan Doyle – 1934 *'' The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn'', by

Mark Twain Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30, 1835 – April 21, 1910), known by his pen name Mark Twain, was an American writer, humorist, entrepreneur, publisher, and lecturer. He was praised as the "greatest humorist the United States has pr ...

– 1934 *'' Dear Enemy'', by Jean Webster – 1934 *'' The Call of the Wild'', by Jack London – 1935 *''

Cleopatra Cleopatra VII Philopator ( grc-gre, Κλεοπάτρα Φιλοπάτωρ}, "Cleopatra the father-beloved"; 69 BC10 August 30 BC) was Queen of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt from 51 to 30 BC, and its last active ruler.She was also a ...

'', by E. Barrington – 1935 *'' Little Caesar'', by W. R. Burnett – 1935 *'' Scarface'', by Armitage Trail – 1935 *'' Alice in Wonderland'', by

Lewis Carroll Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (; 27 January 1832 – 14 January 1898), better known by his pen name Lewis Carroll, was an English author, poet and mathematician. His most notable works are '' Alice's Adventures in Wonderland'' (1865) and its sequ ...

– 1936 *'' Tarzan at the Earth's Core'', by Edgar Rice Burroughs – 1936 *'' Towards the Stars'', by H. Dennis Bradley – 1939 *'' Rebecca'' (in collaboration with Lígia Junqueira Smith), by Daphne du Maurier – 1940 *'' My Son, My Son!'', by Howard Spring – 1940 *'' The Story of the Bible'', by

Hendrik Willem van Loon Hendrik Willem van Loon (January 14, 1882 – March 11, 1944) was a Dutch-American historian, journalist, and children's book author. Life He was born in Rotterdam, Netherlands, the son of Hendrik Willem van Loon and Elisabeth Johanna Hanken. ...

– 1940 *''

A Farewell to Arms ''A Farewell to Arms'' is a novel by American writer Ernest Hemingway, set during the Italian campaign of World War I. First published in 1929, it is a first-person account of an American, Frederic Henry, serving as a lieutenant () in the a ...

'', by

Ernest Hemingway Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21, 1899 – July 2, 1961) was an American novelist, short-story writer, and journalist. His economical and understated style—which he termed the iceberg theory—had a strong influence on 20th-century f ...

– 1942 *''

For Whom the Bell Tolls ''For Whom the Bell Tolls'' is a novel by Ernest Hemingway published in 1940. It tells the story of Robert Jordan, a young American volunteer attached to a Republican guerrilla unit during the Spanish Civil War. As a dynamiter, he is assigne ...

'', by Ernest Hemingway – 1942 *'' Sorrell and Son'', by Warwick Deeping – 1942 *'' That Day Alone'', by Pierre van Paassen – 1942 *'' Pollyanna'', by

Eleanor H. Porter Eleanor Emily Hodgman Porter (December 19, 1868 – May 21, 1920) was an American novelist, most known for ''Pollyanna'' (1913) and '' Just David'' (1916). Biography Eleanor Emily Hodgman was born in Littleton, New Hampshire, on December 19, ...

– 1942 *'' Pollyanna Grows Up'', by Eleanor H. Porter – 1942 *''

Moment in Peking ''Moment in Peking'' is a novel originally written in English by Chinese author Lin Yutang. The novel, Lin's first, covers the turbulent events in China from 1900 to 1938, including the Boxer Uprising, the Republican Revolution of 1911, the Wa ...

, by Lin Yutang – 1942 *'' One World'', by Wendell Willkie – 1943 *'' The Work, Wealth and Happiness of Mankind'', by H. G. Wells – 1943 *'' Robinson Crusoe'', by

Daniel Defoe Daniel Defoe (; born Daniel Foe; – 24 April 1731) was an English writer, trader, journalist, pamphleteer and spy. He is most famous for his novel '' Robinson Crusoe'', published in 1719, which is claimed to be second only to the Bible in its ...

– 1945 *'' Lincoln'', by Nathaniel Wright Stephenson – 1945 *'' The Fate of Homo Sapiens'', by H. G. Wells – 1945 *'' The Bridge of San Luis Rey'', by

Thornton Wilder Thornton Niven Wilder (April 17, 1897 – December 7, 1975) was an American playwright and novelist. He won three Pulitzer Prizes — for the novel '' The Bridge of San Luis Rey'' and for the plays ''Our Town'' and '' The Skin of Our Teeth'' — ...

– 1946 *'' A Daughter of the Snows'', by Jack London – 1947 *'' Pinocchio'', by Carlo Collodi – 1955 *'' Moby-Dick'', by

Herman Melville Herman Melville ( born Melvill; August 1, 1819 – September 28, 1891) was an American novelist, short story writer, and poet of the American Renaissance period. Among his best-known works are '' Moby-Dick'' (1851); '' Typee'' (1846), a ...

– 1957 *''

Tarzan the Terrible ''Tarzan the Terrible'' is a novel by American writer Edgar Rice Burroughs, the eighth in his series of twenty-four books about the title character Tarzan. It was first published as a serial in the pulp magazine '' Argosy All-Story Weekly'' in ...

'', by Edgar Rice Burroughs – 1959 *''

A Leaf in the Storm ''A Leaf in the Storm, a Novel of War-Swept China'' is a novel written in English by Lin Yutang, published in 1941 by John Day Company. Set in Beiping (Beijing) when it was controlled by the Japanese, the novel describes the years of the Second ...

'' (in collaboration with Ruth Lobato), by Lin Yutang – 1959

References

External links

* *
Monteiro Lobato's site by the ''Globo'' TV network
(in Portuguese)
Children‘s program "Pirlimpimpim" (Sítio do Picapau Amarelo) on Globo TV International
(in English)
Monteiro Lobato Projeto Memória
(in Portuguese)
The characters created by Monteiro Lobato
(in Portuguese)

(in Portuguese)

(English version)
http://lobatoblackpresident.blogspot.com
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lobato, Monteiro 1882 births 1948 deaths People from Taubaté Brazilian art critics Brazilian publishers (people) Brazilian children's writers Brazilian journalists Brazilian translators University of São Paulo alumni Brazilian male novelists English–Portuguese translators Brazilian folklorists 20th-century Brazilian novelists 20th-century translators Brazilian magazine founders 20th-century Brazilian male writers 20th-century journalists Brazilian fantasy writers ro:Monteiro Lobato Brazilian science fiction writers