''Monacha'' is a
genus
Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial no ...
of air-breathing
land snail
A land snail is any of the numerous species of snail that live on land, as opposed to the sea snails and freshwater snails. ''Land snail'' is the common name for terrestrial gastropod mollusks that have shells (those without shells are kn ...
s,
terrestrial
Terrestrial refers to things related to land or the planet Earth.
Terrestrial may also refer to:
* Terrestrial animal, an animal that lives on land opposed to living in water, or sometimes an animal that lives on or near the ground, as opposed to ...
pulmonate
Pulmonata or pulmonates, is an informal group (previously an order, and before that a subclass) of snails and slugs characterized by the ability to breathe air, by virtue of having a pallial lung instead of a gill, or gills. The group includ ...
gastropod
The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda ().
This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, from freshwater, and from land. ...
mollusk
Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 85,000 extant species of molluscs are recognized. The number of fossil species is es ...
s in the subfamily
Trochulininae Lindholm, 1927 of the family
Hygromiidae
Hygromiidae is a taxonomic family of small to medium-sized air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicoidea. Helicellidae Ihering, 1909
Anatomy
Some snails in genera within this family create a ...
, the hairy snails and their allies.
[MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Monacha Fitzinger, 1833. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=426406 on 2021-08-12]
Distribution
The distribution of the genus ''Monacha'' includes western Europe, Central Europe, Mediterranean, Asia minor and
Turkey
Turkey ( tr, Türkiye ), officially the Republic of Türkiye ( tr, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, links=no ), is a transcontinental country located mainly on the Anatolian Peninsula in Western Asia, with a small portion on the Balkan Peninsula in ...
(more than 50 species of ''Monacha''),
Georgia
Georgia most commonly refers to:
* Georgia (country), a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia
* Georgia (U.S. state), a state in the Southeast United States
Georgia may also refer to:
Places
Historical states and entities
* Related to th ...
, Russia, Arabia,
Iran
Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and also called Persia, is a country located in Western Asia. It is bordered by Iraq and Turkey to the west, by Azerbaijan and Armenia to the northwest, by the Caspian Sea and Tu ...
, Azerbaijan (1 species).
It is not in Armenia.
The greatest diversity of species is in the
Pontic region.
Species
Species within the genus ''Monacha'' include:
[Hausdorf B. (2000). "The genus ''Monacha'' in the Western Caucasus (Gastropoda: Hygromiidae)". '']Journal of Natural History
The ''Journal of Natural History'' is a scientific journal published by Taylor & Francis focusing on entomology and zoology. The journal was established in 1841 under the name ''Annals and Magazine of Natural History'' (''Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.'' ...
'' 34(8): 1575-1594
PDF
. .
* ''
Monacha albocincta''
(P. Hesse, 1912)
* ''
Monacha aniliensis''
P. L. Reischütz & Sattmann, 1990
* ''
Monacha ascania''
(Hausdorf, 2000)
* ''
Monacha atacis''
E. Gittenberger & de Winter, 1985
* ''
Monacha auturica''
Falkner, 2000
* ''
Monacha badia''
(Hausdorf, 2000)
* ''
Monacha bithynica''
(Hausdorf, 2000)
* ''
Monacha cantiana''
(Montagu, 1803)
* ''
Monacha carascaloides''
(Bourguignat, 1855)
* ''
Monacha carinata''
(Hausdorf, 2000)
* ''
Monacha cartusiana''
(Müller, 1774) - type species
* ''
Monacha cemenelea''
(Risso, 1826)
* ''
Monacha ciscaucasica''
(Hausdorf, 2000)
* ''
Monacha claussi''
(Hausdorf, 2000)
* ''
Monacha claustralis''
(Menke, 1828)
* ''
Monacha comata''
(Hausdorf, 2000)
* ''
Monacha compingtae''
(Pallary, 1929)
* ''
Monacha consona''
(Rossmässler, 1839)
* ''
Monacha crenophila''
(L. Pfeiffer, 1857)
* ''
Monacha cretica''
Hausdorf, 2003
* ''
Monacha crispulata''
(Mousson, 1861)
* ''
Monacha densecostulata''
(Retowski, 1886)
* ''
Monacha depressior''
(Hausdorf, 2000)
* ''
Monacha devrekensis''
(Hausdorf, 2000)
* ''
Monacha dirphica''
(E. von Martens, 1876)
* ''
Monacha dofleini''
(P. Hesse, 1928)
* ''
Monacha elatior''
(Hausdorf, 2000)
* ''
Monacha eliae''
(Nägele, 1906)
* ''
Monacha emigrata''
(Westerlund, 1894)
* ''
Monacha euboeica''
(Kobelt, 1877)
* ''
Monacha frequens''
(Mousson, 1859)
* ''
Monacha fruticola''
(Krynicki, 1833)
* ''
Monacha galatica''
(Hausdorf, 2000)
* ''
Monacha gemina''
(Hausdorf, 2000)
* ''
Monacha georgievi'' (Pall-Gergely, 2010)
* ''
Monacha glareosa''
(Hausdorf, 2000)
* ''
Monacha gregaria''
(Rossmässler, 1839)
* ''
Monacha hamsikoeyensis''
(Hudec, 1973)
* ''
Monacha haussknechti''
(O. Boettger, 1886)
* ''
Monacha hemitricha''
(P. Hesse, 1914)
* ''
Monacha heteromorpha''
(Hausdorf, 2000)
* ''
Monacha ignorata''
(O. Boettger, 1905)
* ''
Monacha kuznetsovi''
(Hausdorf, 2000)
* ''
Monacha lamalouensis''
(Reynès, 1870)
* ''
Monacha laxa''
(Hudec, 1973)
* ''
Monacha leucozona''
(Hausdorf, 2000)
* ''
Monacha liebegottae''
(Hausdorf, 2000)
* ''
Monacha maasseni''
Hausdorf, 2003
* ''
Monacha magna''
(Hausdorf, 2000)
* ''
Monacha margarita''
(Hausdorf, 2000)
* ''
Monacha martensiana''
(Tiberi, 1869)
* ''
Monacha melitensis''
(P. Hesse, 1915)
* ''
Monacha menkhorsti''
(Hausdorf, 2000)
* ''
Monacha merssinae''
(Mousson, 1874)
* ''
Monacha microtricha''
S. H. F. Jaeckel, 1954
* ''
Monacha nordsiecki''
(Hausdorf, 2000)
* ''
Monacha obstructa''
(L. Pfeiffer, 1842)
* ''
Monacha ocellata''
(Roth, 1839)
* ''
Monacha oecali''
Hausdorf & Páll-Gergely, 2009[Hausdorf & Páll-Gergely B. (2009). "''Monacha oecali'' new species from southern Turkey (Gastropoda:Hygromiidae) ". '' Journal of Conchology'' 40(1): 15-18]
abstract
* ''
Monacha orsini''
(Porro, 1841)
* ''
Monacha oshanovae''
I. Pintér & L. Pintér, 1970
* ''
Monacha ovularis''
(Bourguignat, 1855)
* ''
Monacha pamphylica''
(Hausdorf, 2000)
* ''
Monacha pantanellii''
(De Stefani, 1879)
* ''
Monacha parumcincta''
(Menke, 1828)
* ''
Monacha perfrequens''
(Hesse, 1914)
* ''
Monacha pharmacia''
(Hausdorf, 2000)
* ''
Monacha phazimonitica''
(Hausdorf, 2000)
* ''
Monacha pseudorothii''
Hausdorf, 2003
* ''
Monacha pusilla''
(Hausdorf, 2000)
* ''
Monacha riedeli''
(Hausdorf, 2000)
* ''
Monacha rizzae''
(Aradas, 1844)
* ''
Monacha roseni''
(Hesse, 1914)
* ''
Monacha rothii''
(L. Pfeiffer, 1841)
* ''
Monacha samsunensis''
(L. Pfeiffer, 1868)
* ''
Monacha saninensis''
(Pallary, 1939)
* ''
Monacha sedissana''
(Hausdorf, 2000)
* ''
Monacha solidior''
(Mousson, 1863)
* ''
Monacha spiroxia spiroxia''
(Bourguignat, 1868)
* ''
Monacha spiroxia atik''
(Schutt, 2001)
* ''
Monacha stipulifera''
(Hausdorf, 2000)
* ''
Monacha subaii''
(Hausdorf, 2000)
* ''
Monacha subcarthusiana''
(Lindholm, 1913)
* ''
Monacha syriaca''
(Ehrenberg, 1831)
* ''
Monacha terebrata''
(Hausdorf, 2000)
* ''
Monacha tibarenica''
Neiber & Hausdorf, 2017
* ''
Monacha venusta''
(L. Pinter, 1968)
The species ''
Ashfordiana granulata'' (Alder, 1830) is often also grouped under the genus ''Monacha''.
;Taxon inquirendum:
* ''Monacha talischana''
(E. von Martens, 1880)
;Synonyms:
* ''Monacha beieri''
Klemm, 1962: synonym of ''Monacha haussknechti''
(O. Boettger, 1886) (junior synonym)
* ''Monacha fallax''
A. J. Wagner, 1914: synonym of ''
Monachoides fallax''
(A. J. Wagner, 1914) (original combination)
* ''Monacha ruffoi''
Giusti, 1973: synonym of ''Monacha pantanellii''
(De Stefani, 1879) (junior synonym)
* ''Monacha tschegemica''
Schileyko, 1988: synonym of ''Paratheba roseni''
(Hesse, 1914): synonym of ''Monacha roseni''
(Hesse, 1914) (junior synonym)
References
* Pintér, L. (1977). Studien an Monacha (Gastropoda: Helicidae), I. Über die subgenerische Zugehörigkeit von Monacha gregaria (Rossmässler). Archiv für Molluskenkunde. 108: 53–55.
* Nordsieck, H. (1993). Das System der paläarktischen Hygromiidae (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Helicoidea). Archiv für Molluskenkunde, 122 (Zilch-Festschrift): 1-23. Frankfurt am Main
* Bank, R. A. (2017). Classification of the Recent terrestrial Gastropoda of the World. Last update: July 16th, 2017
* Holyoak, D. T. & Holyoak, G. A. (2018). A new genus Zenobiellina for Helix subrufescens Miller, 1822 (Hygromiidae), with description of a new congeneric species from northern Spain. Iberus. 36 (2): 133-147.
External links
Fitzinger, L.J. (1833). Systematisches Verzeichniß der im Erzherzogthume Oesterreich vorkommenden Weichthiere, als Prodrom einer Fauna derselben. Beiträge zur Landeskunde Oesterreichs's unter der Enns, 3: 88-122. WienNeiber, M. T. & Hausdorf, B. (2017). Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of the land snail genus Monacha (Gastropoda, Hygromiidae). Zoologica Scripta. 46(3): 308-321
{{Commons category
Hygromiidae