The Molucca Sea Collision Zone is postulated by

paleogeologist Historical geology or palaeogeology is a discipline that uses the principles and methods of geology to reconstruct the geological history of Earth. Historical geology examines the vastness of geologic time, measured in billions of years, and inve ...

s to explain the

tectonics Tectonics (; ) are the processes that control the structure and properties of the Earth's crust and its evolution through time. These include the processes of mountain building, the growth and behavior of the strong, old cores of continents k ...

of the area based on the Molucca Sea in

Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Gui ...

, and adjacent involved areas.

Tectonics

The tectonic relationship of the Sangihe Plate, Halmahera Plate, and the Molucca Sea Plate, plus the volcanic

Halmahera Arc Halmahera Arc is the volcanic arc of the Halmahera region of eastern Indonesia. It is considered to belong to the Halmahera Plate within the Molucca Sea Collision Zone. Origin Potassium-argon ages of Neogene to Recent igneous rocks from the Halma ...

and the

Sangihe Arc Sangir, Sangihe, Sangi or Sanghir may refer to: * Sangir, Central Asia, in the Kimek Khanate * Sangihe Islands (''Kepulauan Sangir''), an archipelago in Indonesia * Sangihe Island (''Sangihe Besar''), the largest of the Sangir Islands * Sangires ...

is complex. Their interrelationship constitutes the Molucca Sea Collision Zone. The north of this zone interlinks with the Philippine Mobile Belt. Some call this linkage the Philippine–Halmahera Arc and consider it an integral part of the elongated zone of convergence extending north through the

Philippines The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippines ( fil, Republika ng Pilipinas, links=no), * bik, Republika kan Filipinas * ceb, Republika sa Pilipinas * cbk, República de Filipinas * hil, Republ ...

into eastern

Taiwan Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia, at the junction of the East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, with the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the northwest, Japan to the no ...

. In the Molucca Sea Collision Zone model, the Molucca Sea Plate has been totally consumed by the arc-arc collision of the Halmahera Arc and the Sangihe Arc of eastern

Single collision zones

The magmatic systems are reaching the end of their life as island arcs and are becoming a single collision zone, lending weight to the contention that Halmahera and Sangihe should be regarded as tectonic plates rather than volcanic arcs.

Northern extension

Seismic and tomographic discrepancies in the mantle up to 400 km below

Mindanao Mindanao ( ) ( Jawi: مينداناو) is the second-largest island in the Philippines, after Luzon, and seventh-most populous island in the world. Located in the southern region of the archipelago, the island is part of an island group of ...

in the Philippines, indicate it is a more advanced northern extension of the Molucca Sea Collision Zone. Colin G Macpherson et ors, Geochemical evolution of magmatism in an arc-arc collision: the Halmahera and Sangihe arcs, eastern Indonesia, in Robert D Larter, ed, (2003) ''Intra-oceanic Subduction Systems'', Geological Society of London. p215

References

{{SE Asia plates Molucca Sea Geology of the Pacific Ocean Geology of Indonesia Geology of the Philippines Philippine tectonics Maritime Southeast Asia Volcanic belts