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Chiricahua (also known as Chiricahua Apache) is a
Southern Athabaskan Southern Athabaskan (also Apachean) is a subfamily of Athabaskan languages spoken primarily in the Southwestern United States (including Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, and Utah) with two outliers in Oklahoma and Texas. The language is spoken to ...
language spoken by the
Chiricahua Chiricahua ( ) is a band of Apache Native Americans. Based in the Southern Plains and Southwestern United States, the Chiricahua (Tsokanende ) are related to other Apache groups: Ndendahe (Mogollon, Carrizaleño), Tchihende (Mimbreño), Sehend ...
people in
Chihuahua Chihuahua may refer to: Places * Chihuahua (state), a Mexican state **Chihuahua (dog), a breed of dog named after the state **Chihuahua cheese, a type of cheese originating in the state **Chihuahua City, the capital city of the state **Chihuahua Mu ...
and
Sonora Sonora (), officially Estado Libre y Soberano de Sonora ( en, Free and Sovereign State of Sonora), is one of the 31 states which, along with Mexico City, comprise the Federal Entities of Mexico. The state is divided into 72 municipalities; the ...
, México and in Oklahoma and
New Mexico ) , population_demonym = New Mexican ( es, Neomexicano, Neomejicano, Nuevo Mexicano) , seat = Santa Fe, New Mexico, Santa Fe , LargestCity = Albuquerque, New Mexico, Albuquerque , LargestMetro = Albuquerque metropolitan area, Tiguex , Offi ...
. It is related to
Navajo The Navajo (; British English: Navaho; nv, Diné or ') are a Native Americans in the United States, Native American people of the Southwestern United States. With more than 399,494 enrolled tribal members , the Navajo Nation is the largest fe ...
and Western Apache and has been described in great detail by the anthropological linguist
Harry Hoijer Harry Hoijer (September 6, 1904 – March 11, 1976) was a linguist and anthropologist who worked on primarily Athabaskan languages and culture. He additionally documented the Tonkawa language, which is now extinct. Hoijer's few works make up the ...
(1904–1976), especially in Hoijer & Opler (1938) and Hoijer (1946). Hoijer & Opler's ''Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache Texts'', including a grammatical sketch and traditional religious and secular stories, has been converted into an online "book" available from the University of Virginia. Virginia Klinekole, the first female president of the Mescalero Apache Tribe, was known for her efforts to preserve the language. There is at least one language-immersion school for children in Mescalero.


Phonology


Consonants

Chiricahua has 31 consonants:


Vowels

Chiricahua has 16 vowels: Chiricahua has phonemic oral,
nasal Nasal is an adjective referring to the nose, part of human or animal anatomy. It may also be shorthand for the following uses in combination: * With reference to the human nose: ** Nasal administration, a method of pharmaceutical drug delivery * ...
, short, and
long Long may refer to: Measurement * Long, characteristic of something of great duration * Long, characteristic of something of great length * Longitude (abbreviation: long.), a geographic coordinate * Longa (music), note value in early music mensu ...
vowels.


References


Sources

* Hoijer, Harry. (n.d.). Chiricahua Apache stems. (Unpublished manuscript). * Hoijer, Harry. (1938). The southern Athapaskan languages. ''American Anthropologist'', ''40'' (1), 75-87. * Hoijer, Harry. (1939). Chiricahua loan-words from Spanish. ''Language'', ''15'' (2), 110-115. * Hoijer, Harry. (1945). Classificatory verb stems in the Apachean languages. ''International Journal of American Linguistics'', ''11'' (1), 13-23. * Hoijer, Harry. (1945). The Apachean verb, part I: Verb structure and pronominal prefixes. ''International Journal of American Linguistics'', ''11'' (4), 193-203. * Hoijer, Harry. (1946). The Apachean verb, part II: The prefixes for mode and tense. ''International Journal of American Linguistics'', ''12'' (1), 1-13. * Hoijer, Harry. (1946). The Apachean verb, part III: The classifiers. ''International Journal of American Linguistics'', ''12'' (2), 51-59. * Hoijer, Harry. (1946). Chiricahua Apache. In C. Osgood (Ed.), ''Linguistic structures in North America''. New York: Wenner-Green Foundation for Anthropological Research. * Hoijer, Harry; & Opler, Morris E. (1938). ''Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache texts''. The University of Chicago publications in anthropology; Linguistic series. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (Reprinted in 1964 by Chicago: University of Chicago Press; in 1970 by Chicago: University of Chicago Press; & in 1980 under H. Hoijer by New York: AMS Press, ). * Opler, Morris E., & Hoijer, Harry. (1940). The raid and war-path language of the Chiricahua Apache. ''American Anthropologist'', ''42'' (4), 617-634. * Pinnow, Jürgen. (1988). ''Die Sprache der Chiricahua-Apachen: Mit Seitenblicken auf das Mescalero he language of the Chiricahua Apache: With side glances at the Mescalero'. Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag. *Webster, Anthony K. (2006). On Speaking to Him (Coyote): The Discourse Functions of the ''yi-/bi-'' Alternation in Some Chiricahua Apache Narratives. ''Southwest Journal of Linguistics'', ''25(2)'', 143-160. * Young, Robert W. (1983). Apachean languages. In A. Ortiz, W. C. Sturtevant (Eds.), ''Handbook of North American Indians: Southwest'', (Vol. 10), (p. 393-400). Washington: Smithsonian Institution. .


External links


Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache Texts

OLAC resources in and about the Mescalero-Chiricahua Apache language
* * * {{DEFAULTSORT:Chiricahua Language Southern Athabaskan languages Chiricahua Indigenous languages of Oklahoma Indigenous languages of Mexico Indigenous languages of New Mexico Native American language revitalization Endangered Athabaskan languages Mescalero Apache Languages of Mexico