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Melikhovo (russian: Ме́лихово) is a
writer's house museum Writers' homes (sometimes writer's, author's or literary houses) are locations where writers lived. Frequently, these homes are preserved as historic house museums and literary tourism destinations, called writer's home museums, especially when t ...
in the former country estate of the Russian playwright and writer Anton Chekhov. Chekhov lived in the estate from March 1892 until August 1899, and it is where he wrote some of his most famous plays and stories, including ''
The Seagull ''The Seagull'' ( rus, Ча́йка, r=Cháyka, links=no) is a play by Russian dramatist Anton Chekhov, written in 1895 and first produced in 1896. ''The Seagull'' is generally considered to be the first of his four major plays. It dramatises th ...
'' and ''
Uncle Vanya ''Uncle Vanya'' ( rus, Дя́дя Ва́ня, r=Dyádya Ványa, p=ˈdʲædʲə ˈvanʲə) is a play by the Russian playwright Anton Chekhov. It was first published in 1898, and was first produced in 1899 by the Moscow Art Theatre under the dir ...
''. The estate is about forty miles south of Moscow near
Chekhov Anton Pavlovich Chekhov (; 29 January 1860 Old Style date 17 January. – 15 July 1904 Old Style date 2 July.) was a Russian playwright and short-story writer who is considered to be one of the greatest writers of all time. His career ...
.


Chekhov at Melikhovo

After his return from
Sakhalin Sakhalin ( rus, Сахали́н, r=Sakhalín, p=səxɐˈlʲin; ja, 樺太 ''Karafuto''; zh, c=, p=Kùyèdǎo, s=库页岛, t=庫頁島; Manchu: ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ, ''Sahaliyan''; Orok: Бугата на̄, ''Bugata nā''; Nivkh ...
island in 1891, Chekhov wrote in a letter: "If I am a doctor, then I need sick people and a hospital; if I am a writer, then I need to live among people, and not on Malaya Dimotrovka street in Moscow... I need a piece of social and political life,". Besides his desire to be a more active doctor, Chekhov wanted to move to the country to improve his health, which had suffered from his trip to Sakhalin. A small country house owned by Nikolai Sorokhtin, a set decorator for the Hermitage summer garden theater in Moscow, was on the market. it was located in the small settlement of Melikhovo, which in 1890 had three country estates and a population of three hundred. The wooden house had been built in the 1840s in the Russian neoclassical style, and Sorokhtin had remodeled it in a more picturesque style. Sorokhtin ran short of funds and in the beginning of 1892 he placed an advertisement in the newspaper ''Moskovskiy Vedomosti''. Chekhov saw the advertisement, met with him on February 2, 1892, and purchased the house. The Chekhov family moved there on March 1, 1892, and Chekhov himself arrived on March 4. Chekhov lived in the one-story main house with his mother, his sister,
Maria Chekhova Maria Pavlovna Chekhova (russian: Мари́я Па́вловна Че́хова) was a Russian teacher, artist, founder of the Chekhov Memorial House museum in Yalta, and a recipient of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour. Anton Chekhov was ...
, and his father, Pavel Yegorovich Chekhov. He had his study and library with a desk by a window looking at the garden. His desk portraits of the writers and artists he most admired;
Lev Tolstoy Count Lev Nikolayevich TolstoyTolstoy pronounced his first name as , which corresponds to the romanization ''Lyov''. () (; russian: link=no, Лев Николаевич Толстой,In Tolstoy's day, his name was written as in pre-refor ...
,
Ivan Turgenev Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev (; rus, links=no, Ива́н Серге́евич Турге́невIn Turgenev's day, his name was written ., p=ɪˈvan sʲɪrˈɡʲe(j)ɪvʲɪtɕ tʊrˈɡʲenʲɪf; 9 November 1818 – 3 September 1883 (Old Style dat ...
,
Peter Tchaikovsky Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky , group=n ( ; 7 May 1840 – 6 November 1893) was a Russian composer of the Romantic period. He was the first Russian composer whose music would make a lasting impression internationally. He wrote some of the most popu ...
,
Dmitry Grigorovich Dmitry Vasilyevich Grigorovich (russian: Дми́трий Васи́льевич Григоро́вич) ( – ) was a Russian writer, best known for his first two novels, '' The Village'' and '' Anton Goremyka'', and lauded as the first author ...
, and Viktor Goltsev. In his early years at Melikhovo, his study also served as his medical office, where he saw patients. Sick residents of the region began gathering outside the house from five to six o'clock in the morning. He kept medicines in a cabinet on the wall of his study for his patients. He was particularly busy during the cholera epidemic which struck Russia in 1892 and 1893; he was responsible for the medical care for 26 villages, seven factories, and a monastery in the region. Chekhov also took a strong interest in education. He visited the local village schools, and found the conditions deplorable and the teachers underpaid and uninspired. One teacher he met, in the village of Talezh, a young man with a wife and four children raising a family on an income of 23 rubles a month, probably inspired the character Medvedenko in ''The Seagull''. In 1896 built a new school for the children of Talezh, a school for Novosyelka the next year, and in 1899 built a new school in Melikhovo. He also donated furniture and textbooks for the schools. In 1892 Chekhov made his first improvement on the estate, building a new cookhouse and room for the house maids. Meals were prepared for Chekhov and his family in guests by his long-time cook Maria Dormidontovna Belenovskaya, and the servants ate in kitchen. In the summer of 1894, Chekhov had constructed a small two-story guest cottage not far from the house, with a terrace overlooking the garden. The lower floor served as his new medical reception room, and the upper floor as a guest room and as a room for writing away from the noise of the main house. In November 1895 Chekhov completed ''The Seagull'' in this house, and in 1896 he finished Uncle Vanya there. In 1898, upon his return from
Nice Nice ( , ; Niçard dialect, Niçard: , classical norm, or , nonstandard, ; it, Nizza ; lij, Nissa; grc, Νίκαια; la, Nicaea) is the prefecture of the Alpes-Maritimes departments of France, department in France. The Nice urban unit, agg ...
, in France, he wrote a trilogy of three famous stories there: ''The Man in a Case'', ''About Love'', and ''Gooseberries''. In May 1899, after the success of the Seagull at the
Moscow Art Theater The Moscow Art Theatre (or MAT; russian: Московский Художественный академический театр (МХАТ), ''Moskovskiy Hudojestvenny Akademicheskiy Teatr'' (МHАТ)) was a theatre company in Moscow. It was f ...
, he invited the leading actress of the play,
Olga Knipper Olga Leonardovna Knipper-Chekhova (russian: Ольга Леонардовна Книппер-Чехова, link=no; – 22 March 1959) was a Russian and Soviet stage actress. She was married to Anton Chekhov. Knipper was among the 39 o ...
, to visit him. She stayed in the guest cottage for three days in mid-May 1899. She married Chekhov in May 1901. As his tuberculosis became worse, Chekhov was forced to abandon his estate and move to the south, to a house in Yalta. He sold the Melikhovo to a timber merchant on August 18, 1899, and spent his last day there on August 25, 1899.


Chekhov's writing habits

"I am writing a play," Chekhov wrote to his friend Suvorin from Melikhovo in October 1896, "which I will finish no earlier than the end of November. I am not writing it without pleasure, although I am violating all the conventions of playwriting. It is a comedy, three female roles, six male roles, four acts, a landscape (a view over a lake), a lot of talking about literature, little action, and five
pood ''Pood'' ( rus, пуд, r=pud, p=put, plural: or ) is a unit of mass equal to 40 ''funt'' (, Russian pound). Since 1899 it is set to approximately 16.38 kilograms (36.11 pounds). It was used in Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine. ''Pood'' was first m ...
s of love.". The play was ''The Seagull''. As a writer, Chekhov did not seem to keep a strict schedule. When he had guests or was busy with his medical practice, he did very little writing at all. One regular guest at Melikhovo, Ignaty Potapenko, observed: "On those days when I was a Melikhovo, it seemed that he spent all of his time with us. But sometimes during conversations or concerts he would vanish for a few minutes, not for very long, and then would return. It seems that he went to his study and wrote down a few lines, whatever had come into his head. This would happen often during the course of a day." Chekhov told another visitor, the writer Ivan Bunin, "In the morning it's necessary to drink not tea, but coffee, which is a wonderful thing. When I work, I limit myself to coffee and bouillon. Morning - coffee. Noon, bouillon."


Chekhov's recreation at Melikhovo

Chekhov was very sociable at Melikhovo, enjoying the company of writers, artists, teachers, actors, and ordinary people. He enjoyed listening to music played on the grand piano in his house by his friend L.C. Mizonova. He enjoyed Tchaikovsky romances and gypsy songs, and he often would sing himself, but only church music; he had a good bass voice, and would sing the church music he had learned when he was young. In the evening he and his guests would sit in the parlor and play loto. The theater director
Vladimir Nemirovich-Danchenko Vladimir Ivanovich Nemirovich-Danchenko (russian: Владимир Иванович Немирович-Данченко; , Ozurgeti – 25 April 1943, Moscow), was a Soviet and Russian theatre director, writer, pedagogue, playwright, producer an ...
recalled, "Chekhov loved it when around him there was conversation and joy. He had a fine garden, with beautiful straight alleys, just like in ''The Seagull''. In the evening everyone would play loto, also like ''The Seagull''." When he was not entertaining his guests, Chekhov worked in his garden. he was also an avid fisherman, sitting at the edge of the ponds on the estate with his fishing pole. He also collected mushrooms in walks in the neighboring woods.


Chekhov's garden

Chekhov was particularly proud of his garden, which surrounded his house and the cottage where he wrote. The garden was a joint project with his sister, Maria Chekhova. Within three months of moving in, Chekhov and his sister had studied books of horticulture and planted flowers, fruit trees, and vegetables, including exotic varieties such as eggplant and artichokes. . Chekhov himself worked in the garden, planted ten fruit trees in his first year and ordered vegetable and flower seeds from catalogs. He took his visitors on tours of the garden, proudly showing them every tulip and rose. He placed a bell in the garden to summon guests to meals. In description of his garden at Melikhovo Chekhov wrote: "Everything is miniature - a tiny alley, a pond the size of a fish tank, tiny trees. But, after you pace along the alley a couple of times, and look more carefully at everything, the claustrophobic feeling that everything is too small disappears. All of a sudden, we have lots of space". Chekhov commented that he would be unable to keep writing unless he worked every day in his garden. "Chekhov did not like cut flowers. He loved and knew flowers like a real gardener. Not having his own children, he treated each flower as his child." His favorite flowers were Moscow peonies which were planted along the paths, but he also planted heliotrope, delfinium, chrysanthemums, aster. jonquils, and many other flowers. The aromas of his garden even entered into the plays he wrote at Melikhovo: in ''The Seagull'', the writer Trigorin says, "When I smell heliotropes; I take a mental note; an excessively sweet smell, the color of widows. something I can use describing a summer night.". The original fruit trees in Chekhov's garden perished in the cold winters of 1941 and 1970, but a few linden and birch trees from Chekhov's time still remain, along with one Berlin poplar, where Chekhov's father sat with the farm workers shortly before his death in October 1898.


Melikhovo after Chekhov

In 1899, Melikhovo became the property of Baron Nikolai Stuart, who used it as a summer house until the Russian Revolution. Only two pieces of Chekhov's belongings remained there; his grand piano and his writing desk. After the Revolution Baron Stuart was arrested and shot by the Bolsheviks. The estate was nationalized by the Bolsheviks in October 1918, and declared a site of historical and cultural importance, but little was done to protect the house and property. In 1927 Melikhovo became a Sovkhoz, or State collective farm named for Chekhov, and new agricultural buildings, garages and grain silos were built a few meters from the Chekhov house. The main house was completely destroyed, with only a plaque marking its location. The cottage where Chekhov wrote ''The Seagull'' was in a state of ruin. Only in 1940 did an effort begin to protect and restore the property. A museum was opened in January 1941, but closed a few months following the German invasion of the Soviet Union. Melikhovo was declared a state monument in June 1944, even as World War II was underway, and work began again to restore the buildings. The new museum was opened September 25, 1944. The ruined guest cottage was restored in 1954. Beginning in 1957, the main house was rebuilt from the ground up; it was completed in 1960. In the 1960s. the old Sovkhoz was finally moved to another location, and its buildings demolished. The gardens were replanted with fruit trees and flowers as they were in Chekhov's time. Restoration and reconstruction work on the buildings of the estate was still continuing in 2011.


Melikhovo today

Today the Melikhovo Estate museum resembles the estate as it was in Chekhov's time. The house, guest cottage, and cookhouse have been restored or rebuilt, along a bathhouse, stables, and other estate buildings. Nearby one of the village schools built by Chekhov has been restored, and there is also a reproduction of an "Ambulatoria," one of the village clinics where Chekhov would treat patients. The country house of one of the neighbors has also been restored, and now houses the Chekhov International Theater School. During the summer scenes from Chekhov plays are presented on the porch of the main house, for an audience seated in the garden.


Melikhovo gallery

File:Chekhov Veranda.JPG, Chekhov's veranda at Melikhovo File:Chekhov's Study, Melnikovo.JPG, Chekhov's study in the main house of Melikhovo, where he wrote and received patients File:Столовая_в_Мелихово_02.jpg, The Dining room at Melikhovo File:Спальня Чехова в Мелихово 01.jpg, Bedroom of Anton Chekhov in the main house of the Melikhovo estate File:Room of Chekhov's sister Maria.JPG, The room of Chekhov's sister, Maria Chekhova File:Actors on Chekhov House veranda.JPG, Actors perform a story from Chekhov on the veranda of his house at Melikhovo, June 2011 File:Well and cookhouse, Melikhovo.JPG, Well and the cookhouse built by Chekhov in 1893 File:Chekhov's Kitchen, Melikhovo.JPG, The kitchen at Melikhovo, where meals were prepared and the servants ate File:Servant's Room, Melikhovo.JPG, Servant's room at Melikhovo File:Chekhov Garden Melikhovo.jpg, The path around Chekhov's garden


Sources and Citations


Bibliography

*Orlov, E.L., (Chief Editor), E.G. Avasharov, A.A. Zhuravlyova, E.D. Orlov, T.N. . Razumovskaya, K.A. Chaikhovskaya (writers), ''Gosudarstveniy Literaturno-Memorialniy Musey-Zapovednik A.P. Chekhova''. Melikhovo Publishing House, Moscow, 2010. () *Chekhov, A.P., P''olnoye Sobraniye Sochineniy i Pisem'': B 30 T. M Nauka, 1974–1983.


External links


Official site of the Melikhovo Estate Museum (in English)

Museum A.P Chekhov "Melikhovo" at Google Cultural Institute
{{authority control Anton Chekhov Literary museums in Russia Museums in Moscow Oblast Historic house museums in Russia Cultural heritage monuments of federal significance in Moscow Oblast