Maximovicz
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Carl Johann Maximovich (also Karl Ivanovich Maximovich, Russian: Карл Иванович Максимович; 23 November 1827 in
Tula, Russia Tula ( rus, Тула, p=ˈtulə) is the largest city and the administrative center of Tula Oblast in Russia, located south of Moscow. Tula is located in the northern Central Russian Upland on the banks of the Upa River, a tributary of the Oka. ...
– 16 February 1891 in
Saint Petersburg Saint Petersburg ( rus, links=no, Санкт-Петербург, a=Ru-Sankt Peterburg Leningrad Petrograd Piter.ogg, r=Sankt-Peterburg, p=ˈsankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk), formerly known as Petrograd (1914–1924) and later Leningrad (1924–1991), i ...
) was a Russian
botanist Botany, also called , plant biology or phytology, is the science of plant life and a branch of biology. A botanist, plant scientist or phytologist is a scientist who specialises in this field. The term "botany" comes from the Ancient Greek wo ...
. Maximovich spent most of his life studying the flora of the countries he had visited in the Far East, and naming many new species. He worked at the
Saint Petersburg Botanical Gardens The main Saint Petersburg Botanical Garden, officially known as the Russian Academy of Sciences Vladimir Komarov Botanical Institute's Botanical Garden of Peter the Great (russian: Ботанический сад Петра Великого Б ...
from 1852 as curator of the herbarium collection, becoming Director in 1869.


History

Born a Baltic-German, his name at birth was Karl Ivanovich Maksimovich, but he changed it to the German version of his name for his scientific work.Japan’s botanical sunrise plant exploration around the Meiji Restoration Peter Barnes
(originally published in Curtis's Botanical Magazine 18(1): 117-131 (2001))
He graduated in biology from the institution which is now
University of Tartu The University of Tartu (UT; et, Tartu Ülikool; la, Universitas Tartuensis) is a university in the city of Tartu in Estonia. It is the national university of Estonia. It is the only classical university in the country, and also its biggest ...
,
Estonia Estonia, formally the Republic of Estonia, is a country by the Baltic Sea in Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland across from Finland, to the west by the sea across from Sweden, to the south by Latvia, a ...
in (1850), he was a pupil of Alexander G. von Bunge. From 1853 to 1857 he traveled around the world. He travelled with another Baltic-German
Leopold von Schrenck Peter Leopold von Schrenck (russian: Леопольд Иванович фон Шренк; 1826 – 8 January 1894) was a Russian zoologist, geographer and ethnographer. Biography Schrenck came from a Baltic German family, and was born and b ...
to the
Amur The Amur (russian: река́ Аму́р, ), or Heilong Jiang (, "Black Dragon River", ), is the world's tenth longest river, forming the border between the Russian Far East and Northeastern China ( Inner Manchuria). The Amur proper is long, ...
region in eastern Asia. From 1859 to 1864 he also he visited China, Korea and Japan. He arrived in Japan in late 1860, initially basing his operations in
Hakodate is a city and port located in Oshima Subprefecture, Hokkaido, Japan. It is the capital city of Oshima Subprefecture. As of July 31, 2011, the city has an estimated population of 279,851 with 143,221 households, and a population density of 412.8 ...
. He traveled extensively in southern Japan and for much of 1862 including the region of
Yokohama is the second-largest city in Japan by population and the most populous municipality of Japan. It is the capital city and the most populous city in Kanagawa Prefecture, with a 2020 population of 3.8 million. It lies on Tokyo Bay, south of T ...
and Mount Fuji, he ended that year in
Nagasaki is the capital and the largest Cities of Japan, city of Nagasaki Prefecture on the island of Kyushu in Japan. It became the sole Nanban trade, port used for trade with the Portuguese and Dutch during the 16th through 19th centuries. The Hi ...
. He also explored much of Kyūshū. He was particularly involved with the flora of Japan, following the footsteps of notably Carl Peter Thunberg, and
Philipp Franz von Siebold Philipp Franz Balthasar von Siebold (17 February 1796 – 18 October 1866) was a German physician, botanist and traveler. He achieved prominence by his studies of Japanese flora and fauna and the introduction of Western medicine in Japan. He w ...
. His assistant in Japan was Sukawa Chonosuke, whose name was given by Maximovich to the flower
Trillium ''Trillium'' (trillium, wakerobin, toadshade, tri flower, birthroot, birthwort, and sometimes "wood lily") is a genus of about fifty flowering plant species in the family Melanthiaceae. ''Trillium'' species are native to temperate regions of No ...
tschonoskii. He also studied the
flora Flora is all the plant life present in a particular region or time, generally the naturally occurring (indigenous (ecology), indigenous) native plant, native plants. Sometimes bacteria and fungi are also referred to as flora, as in the terms '' ...
of Tibet, concluding that it was chiefly composed of immigrants from Mongolia and the Himalaya. Commissioned by the
Russian Academy of Sciences The Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS; russian: Росси́йская акаде́мия нау́к (РАН) ''Rossíyskaya akadémiya naúk'') consists of the national academy of Russia; a network of scientific research institutes from across ...
, he purchased from von Siebold's widow the set of eight volumes of the famous collection of Japanese botanical illustrations drawn by several Japanese artists. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the
American Academy of Arts and Sciences The American Academy of Arts and Sciences (abbreviation: AAA&S) is one of the oldest learned societies in the United States. It was founded in 1780 during the American Revolution by John Adams, John Hancock, James Bowdoin, Andrew Oliver, a ...
in 1888.


Named in his honor

* '' Acer maximowiczianum'': Nikko maple, China & Japan * ''Atriplex maximowicziana'': Maximovich's Saltbush * '' Betula maximowicziana'': Monarch Birch, Japan * '' Crataegus maximowiczii'' Schneid. * ''Kalopanax pictus'' var ''maximowiczii'': China, Manchuria, Korea, Japan 1865 * '' Lilium leichtlinii'' Hooker f. var. ''maximowiczii'' (Regel) Baker: (also named after the German botanist Max Leichtlin) * '' Picea maximowiczii'': Maximovich Spruce, Japan * '' Populus maximowiczii'': Maximovich' Poplar * Maximowicz's vole ('' Microtus maximowiczii'') for more species


Plants named by him

Maximovich described and named over 2300 plants which were previously unknown to science.IPNI Results for Maxim.
International Plant Names Index 2005.
* Genus '' Circaeaster'' Maxim. – family Circaeasteraceae * ''Acer argutum'' Maxim. * ''Acer barbinerve'' Maxim. * ''Acer capillipes'' Maxim. * ''Acer miyabei'' Maxim. * ''Acer mono'' Maxim. * ''Acer nikoense'' Maxim. * ''Acer tschonoskii'' Maxim. * ''
Berberis thunbergii ''Berberis thunbergii'', the Japanese barberry, Thunberg's barberry, or red barberry, is a species of flowering plant in the barberry family Berberidaceae, native to Japan and eastern Asia, though widely naturalized in China and North America, w ...
'' Maxim. * '' Buddleja alternifolia'' Maxim. * ''Calanthe reflexa'' Maxim. * ''Elaeagnus oldhamii'' Maxim. * ''Goodyera macrantha'' Maxim. * '' Juglans mandshurica'' Maxim. * ''Liparis japonica'' Maxim. * ''Pedicularis artselaeri'' Maxim. – family Scrophulariaceae * ''Platanthera hologlottis'' Maxim. * ''Rhododendron schlippenbachii'' Maxim. * ''Trichosanthes kirilowii'' Maxim. * ''Trillium tschonoskii'' Maxim. - Japan, Korea, northeastern China, and far-eastern Russia * ''Tulotis ussuriensis'' (Maxim.) Hara * ''Yoania japonica'' Maxim.


Selected works

* Rhamneae orientali-asiaticae (1866) * Rhododendrae Asia Orientalis (1870) * Monograph on genus Lespedeza (1873) * Enumeratio plantarum hucusque in Mongolia : nec non adjacente parte Turkestaniae Sinensis lectarum (1889) * Flora Tangutica : sive enumeratio plantarum regionis Tangut (AMDO) provinciae Kansu, nec non Tibetiae praesertim orientaliborealis atque tsaidam : ex collectionibus N.M. Przewalski atque G.N. Potanin (1889) * Diagnoses plantarum novarum asiaticarum. VI
Primitae Florae Amurensis
(Flora of the Amur Region) in Bulletin de L’Académie Impériale des Sciences de St. Petersbourg (1859).


References


External links

* {{DEFAULTSORT:Maximovich, Karl 1827 births 1891 deaths Baltic-German people Botanists active in China Botanists active in Japan Botanists with author abbreviations Bryologists Demidov Prize laureates Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Full members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences 19th-century botanists from the Russian Empire Explorers from the Russian Empire People from Tula, Russia Pteridologists University of Tartu alumni