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The Mass of Paul VI, also known as the Ordinary Form or Novus Ordo, is the most commonly used liturgy in the
Catholic Church The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the List of Christian denominations by number of members, largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptized Catholics Catholic Church by country, worldwide . It is am ...
. It is a form of the
Latin Church , native_name_lang = la , image = San Giovanni in Laterano - Rome.jpg , imagewidth = 250px , alt = Façade of the Archbasilica of St. John in Lateran , caption = Archbasilica of Saint Jo ...
's Roman Rite and was promulgated by Pope Paul VI in 1969, published by him in the 1970; it was then revised in the 1975 edition of the Roman Missal, then further revised by
Pope John Paul II Pope John Paul II ( la, Ioannes Paulus II; it, Giovanni Paolo II; pl, Jan Paweł II; born Karol Józef Wojtyła ; 18 May 19202 April 2005) was the head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 1978 until his ...
in 2000, and published in a third edition in 2002. It largely displaced usage of the Tridentine Mass, promulgated in 1570, the final edition of which had been published in 1962 under the title ''Missale Romanum ex decreto SS. Concilii Tridentini restitutum'' (''The Roman Missal restored by decree of the Most Holy Council of Trent''). The editions of the Mass of Paul VI Roman Missal (1970, 1975, 2002) have as title ''Missale Romanum ex decreto Sacrosancti Oecumenici Concilii Vaticani II instauratum'' (''The Roman Missal renewed by decree of the Most Holy Second Ecumenical Council of the Vatican''), followed in the case of the 2002 edition by ''auctoritate Pauli PP. VI promulgatum Ioannis Pauli PP. II cura recognitum'' (" promulgated by the authority of Pope Paul VI and revised at the direction of Pope John Paul II").


Names

In its official documents, the Catholic Church identifies the forms of the Roman Rite Mass by the editions of the Roman Missal used in celebrating them. Thus
Pope Benedict XVI Pope Benedict XVI ( la, Benedictus XVI; it, Benedetto XVI; german: link=no, Benedikt XVI.; born Joseph Aloisius Ratzinger, , on 16 April 1927) is a retired prelate of the Catholic church who served as the head of the Church and the sovereig ...
referred to this form of the Roman Rite Mass by linking it, in his '' motu proprio'' '' Summorum Pontificum'' of 7 July 2007, with "the Roman Missal promulgated by Pope Paul VI in 1970" or, in his accompanying letter of the same date to the bishops of the church, "the Missal published by Paul VI and then republished in two subsequent editions by John Paul II". The now less frequently used names Mass of Paul VI, Pauline Mass, and Mass of Saint Paul VI refer to Pope Paul VI, who promulgated the first edition (which was followed by later editions promulgated by
Pope John Paul II Pope John Paul II ( la, Ioannes Paulus II; it, Giovanni Paolo II; pl, Jan Paweł II; born Karol Józef Wojtyła ; 18 May 19202 April 2005) was the head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 1978 until his ...
). In his letter to bishops which accompanied his 2007 ''motu proprio'' '' Summorum Pontificum'',
Pope Benedict XVI Pope Benedict XVI ( la, Benedictus XVI; it, Benedetto XVI; german: link=no, Benedikt XVI.; born Joseph Aloisius Ratzinger, , on 16 April 1927) is a retired prelate of the Catholic church who served as the head of the Church and the sovereig ...
wrote that "the Missal published by Paul VI and then republished in two subsequent editions by John Paul II, obviously is and continues to be the normal Form – the ''Forma ordinaria'' – of the Eucharistic Liturgy." Since then, the term "Ordinary Form" (abbreviated OF) is used to distinguish this form of the Roman Rite of Mass from the 1962 edition of the Tridentine Mass, the "Extraordinary Form" (EF), because in his ''motu proprio'' Pope Benedict declared the latter an "extraordinary form" of the Roman Rite.
Pope Francis Pope Francis ( la, Franciscus; it, Francesco; es, link=, Francisco; born Jorge Mario Bergoglio, 17 December 1936) is the head of the Catholic Church. He has been the bishop of Rome and sovereign of the Vatican City State since 13 March 2013 ...
further emphasized the importance of the Ordinary Form in this capacity with his 2021 ''motu proprio'' '' Traditionis custodes'', referring to it as "the unique expression of the '' lex orandi'' of the Roman Rite."


Text

The current official text in Latin is that in the third typical edition of the Roman Missal, published in 2002 and reprinted with corrections and updating in 2008. Translations into the vernacular languages have appeared; the current English translation was promulgated in 2010 and was introduced progressively from September 2011. Two earlier typical editions of the Missal were issued in 1970 (promulgated in 1969) and 1975. The liturgy contained in the 1570–1962 editions of the Roman Missal is frequently referred to as the Tridentine Mass: all these editions placed at the start the text of the bull '' Quo primum'' in which Pope Pius V linked the issuance of his edition of the Roman Missal to the
Council of Trent The Council of Trent ( la, Concilium Tridentinum), held between 1545 and 1563 in Trent (or Trento), now in northern Italy, was the 19th ecumenical council of the Catholic Church. Prompted by the Protestant Reformation, it has been described a ...
. Only in the 1962 edition is this text preceded by a short decree, ''Novo rubricarum corpore'', declaring that edition to be, from then on, the typical edition, to which other printings of the Missal were to conform. The Roman Missal promulged by John Paul II differs in many points from that promulged by Paul VI. The changes include the addition of 13 new feasts of saints, a new preface of martyrs, several new Mass formulas, including five of the Blessed Virgin Mary, two votive Masses (one of which was taken from the 1962 Roman Missal), and complete formulas for the ferial days of Advent and Eastertide. Prayers over the faithful are added to the
Lent Lent ( la, Quadragesima, 'Fortieth') is a solemn religious moveable feast#Lent, observance in the liturgical calendar commemorating the 40 days Jesus spent fasting in the desert and enduring Temptation of Jesus, temptation by Satan, according ...
en Mass formulas and the
Apostles' Creed The Apostles' Creed ( Latin: ''Symbolum Apostolorum'' or ''Symbolum Apostolicum''), sometimes titled the Apostolic Creed or the Symbol of the Apostles, is a Christian creed or "symbol of faith". The creed most likely originated in 5th-century ...
is provided as an alternative to the Nicene Creed. The Mass of Paul VI thus became the Mass of Paul VI and John Paul II.


History


Background


Liturgical Movement

The Liturgical Movement of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, which arose from the work of Dom Prosper Guéranger, a former abbot of Solesmes Abbey, encouraged the laity to live the liturgy by attending services (not only Mass) often, understanding what they meant, and following the priest in heart and mind.


Beginnings of the modern revision, 1948–1962

As per the liturgical reforms under Pius XII, among other changes, the "Last Gospel" (John 1:1–14) that had customarily ended Mass was omitted.


Vatican II, ''Sacrosanctum Concilium'' and a new liturgy

The liturgy was the first matter considered by the Second Vatican Council of 1962–1965. On 4 December 1963, the Council issued a Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy known as '' Sacrosanctum Concilium'', section 50 of which read as follows: ''Sacrosanctum Concilium'' further provided that (amongst other things) a greater use of the Scriptures should be made at Mass, communion under both kinds for the laity (under limited circumstances), and that vernacular languages should be more widely employed (while retaining the use of Latin), a declaration whose implementation made the Second Vatican Council "a milestone for Catholic, Protestants, ndthe Orthodox". In 1964, Pope Paul VI, who had succeeded John XXIII the previous year, established the ''Consilium ad exsequendam Constitutionem de Sacra Liturgia'', the Council for Implementing the Constitution on the Liturgy. The instruction ''Inter oecumenici'' of 26 September 1964, issued by the Sacred Congregation of Rites while the Council was still in session, and coming into effect on 7 March 1965 made significant changes to the existing liturgy. The 1967 document ''Tres abhinc annos'', the second instruction on the implementation of the Council's Constitution on the Liturgy, made only minimal changes to the text, but simplified the rubrics and the vestments.
Concelebration In Christianity, concelebration (from Lat., ''con'' + ''celebrare'', to celebrate together) is the presiding of a number of presbyters (priests or ministers) at the celebration of the Eucharist with either a presbyter or bishop as the ''principal c ...
and Communion under both kinds had meanwhile been permitted. By October 1967, the Consilium had produced a complete draft revision of the Mass liturgy, known as the Normative Mass, and this revision was presented to the Synod of Bishops that met in Rome in that month. The bishops attended the first public celebration of the revised rite in the Sistine Chapel. When asked to vote on the new liturgy, 71 bishops voted ''placet'' (approved), 43 voted ''non-placet'' (not approved), and 62 voted ''placet iuxta modum'' (approved with reservations). In response to the bishops' concerns, some changes were made to the text. Pope Paul VI and the Consilium interpreted this as lack of approval for the Normative Mass, which was replaced by the text included in the book ''Novus Ordo Missae'' (The New Order of Mass) in 1969. On 25 September 1969, two retired cardinals, 79-year-old Alfredo Ottaviani and 84-year-old
Antonio Bacci Antonio Bacci (4 September 1885 – 20 January 1971) was an Italian cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Secretary of Briefs to Princes from 1931 to 1960, when he was elevated to the cardinalate by Pope John XXIII. He is perh ...
, wrote a letter with which they sent Pope Paul VI the text of the " Short Critical Study on the New Order of Mass". The cardinals warned the New Order of the Mass "represented, both as a whole and in its details, a striking departure from the Catholic theology of the Mass as it was formulated in Session XXII of the
Council of Trent The Council of Trent ( la, Concilium Tridentinum), held between 1545 and 1563 in Trent (or Trento), now in northern Italy, was the 19th ecumenical council of the Catholic Church. Prompted by the Protestant Reformation, it has been described a ...
". The study that they transmitted said that on many points the New Mass had much to gladden the heart of even the most modernist Protestant. Paul VI asked the
Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith The Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith (DDF) is the oldest among the departments of the Roman Curia. Its seat is the Palace of the Holy Office in Rome. It was founded to defend the Catholic Church from heresy and is the body responsib ...
, the department of the Roman Curia that Ottaviani had earlier headed, to examine the Short Critical Study. It responded on 12 November 1969 that the document contained many affirmations that were "superficial, exaggerated, inexact, emotional, and false". However, some of its observations were taken into account in preparing the definitive version of the new Order of the Mass. In 1974, Annibale Bugnini announced that the ''Novus Ordo Missae'' was "a major conquest of the Roman Catholic Church." Ottoviani would later acknowledge his satisfaction with the new missal after reassurance by Paul VI in a letter dated February 17, 1970.


Paul VI's publication of the 1970 Missal

Pope Paul VI promulgated the revised rite of Mass with his apostolic constitution ''Missale Romanum'' of 3 April 1969, setting the first Sunday of Advent at the end of that year as the date on which it would enter into force. However, because he was dissatisfied with the edition that was produced, the revised Missal itself was not published until the following year, and full vernacular translations appeared much later. The revisions called for by Vatican II were guided by historical and Biblical studies that were not available at the
Council of Trent The Council of Trent ( la, Concilium Tridentinum), held between 1545 and 1563 in Trent (or Trento), now in northern Italy, was the 19th ecumenical council of the Catholic Church. Prompted by the Protestant Reformation, it has been described a ...
when the rite was fixed to forestall any heretical accretions. ''Missale Romanum'' made particular mention of the following significant changes from the previous edition of the Roman Missal: * "Other elements that have suffered injury through accident of history" are restored "to the tradition of the Fathers" (SC art. 50), for example, the homily (see SC art. 52), the general intercessions or prayer of the faithful (see SC art. 53), and the penitential rite or act of reconciliation with God and the community at the beginning of the Mass. One of the most ancient of these rites of reconciliation, the Kiss of Peace. * The proportion of the Bible read at Mass was greatly increased, although some verses included in the older readings have been omitted in the new. Prior to the reforms of Pius XII (which reduced the proportions further), 1% of the Old Testament and 16.5% of the New Testament had been read at Mass. Since 1970, the equivalent proportions for Sundays and weekdays (leaving aside major feasts) have been 13.5% of the Old Testament and 71.5% of the New Testament.


Other changes


Vernacular language

In his 1962 apostolic constitution '' Veterum sapientia'' on the teaching of
Latin Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through ...
, Pope John XXIII spoke of that language as the one the church uses: "The Catholic Church has a dignity far surpassing that of every merely human society, for it was founded by Christ the Lord. It is altogether fitting, therefore, that the language it uses should be noble, majestic, and non-vernacular." However, the only mention of the liturgy in that document was in relation to the study of Greek. The Second Vatican Council stated in ''Sacrosanctum Concilium'', 36:


Three new Eucharistic Prayers

As noted above, three new Eucharistic Prayers were introduced as alternatives to the
Roman Canon The Canon of the Mass ( la, Canon Missæ), also known as the Canon of the Roman Mass and in the Mass of Paul VI as the Roman Canon or Eucharistic Prayer I, is the oldest anaphora used in the Roman Rite of Mass. The name ''Canon Missæ'' was used ...
(known as "Eucharistic Prayer I" within the missal), which had for 1,600 years been the only Eucharistic Prayer of the Roman Rite. After ''Sacrosanctum concilium'', between the years 1963 and 1968 there were private initiatives by liberal reformers to either revise the Roman Canon, or to create new Eucharistic Prayers. Hans Küng and Karl Amon both published articles demanding this. In addition, the Bishops' Conference of the Netherlands under Johannes Bluyssen, around 1965-1966, did not wait for the Canon to be permitted in the vernacular and started experimenting with their own translations and adding new "Eucharistic Prayers", then asking for permission from Rome to do so after the fact, causing political pressure. Benedictine member of the ''Consilium'', Cipriano Vagaggini, while noting what he called the Roman Canon's "undeniable defects", concluded that its suppression was unthinkable; he proposed that it be retained but that two further Eucharistic Prayers be added. The '' General Instruction of the Roman Missal'' of 1969 states that the "Eucharistic Prayer I" (the Roman Canon) may always be used, including on Sundays, but it rarely is in local diocesian parishes since 1969-1970. In response to requests from various quarters, Pope Paul VI authorized the composition of new Eucharistic Prayers, which were examined by himself and by the
Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith The Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith (DDF) is the oldest among the departments of the Roman Curia. Its seat is the Palace of the Holy Office in Rome. It was founded to defend the Catholic Church from heresy and is the body responsib ...
, and which he authorized for use in 1968. The original Bugnini draft, drawing from the skeleton which is typically thought to be the lost Apostolic Tradition of Hyppolitus but is also considered to be of later, non-Roman origin, would have excluded even the '' Sanctus'' and the intercessions. The ''General Instruction of the Roman Missal'' of 1969 states that Eucharistic Prayer II is "useful on weekdays", but in practice is now the most commonly used in local parishes in the vernacular, including on Sundays, since 1969-1970. The Third Eucharistic Prayer's structure follows the
Roman Canon The Canon of the Mass ( la, Canon Missæ), also known as the Canon of the Roman Mass and in the Mass of Paul VI as the Roman Canon or Eucharistic Prayer I, is the oldest anaphora used in the Roman Rite of Mass. The name ''Canon Missæ'' was used ...
. It is based on the 4th-century Anaphora of St Basil. Both the Third and Fourth Eucharistic Prayers were created by Cipriano Vagaggini of the Pontifical Athenaeum of Saint Anselm at Rome in 1966.


Communion under both species

A council at Lambeth in 1281 directed that the people were to be given unconsecrated wine. The Council of Trent taught that only the priest who celebrated Mass was bound by divine law to receive Communion under both species, and that Christ, whole and entire, and a true sacrament are received under either form alone, and therefore, as regards its fruits, those who receive one species only are not deprived of any grace necessary to salvation; and it decreed: "If anyone says that the holy Catholic Church was not moved by just causes and reasons that laymen and clerics when not consecrating should communicate under the form of bread only, or has erred in this, let him be anathema." While the Council had declared that reception of Communion under one form alone deprived the communicant of no grace necessary to salvation, the 1908 '' Catholic Encyclopedia'' states theologians had surmised that receiving both forms may confer a greater grace, either in itself (a minority view) or only accidentally (the majority view).


Liturgical orientation

The Tridentine Missal speaks of celebrating '' versus populum'', and gives corresponding instructions for the priest when performing actions that in the other orientation involved turning around in order to face the people. In ''The Spirit of the Liturgy'', Cardinal
Joseph Ratzinger Pope Benedict XVI ( la, Benedictus XVI; it, Benedetto XVI; german: link=no, Benedikt XVI.; born Joseph Aloisius Ratzinger, , on 16 April 1927) is a retired prelate of the Catholic church who served as the head of the Church and the soverei ...
(later
Pope Benedict XVI Pope Benedict XVI ( la, Benedictus XVI; it, Benedetto XVI; german: link=no, Benedikt XVI.; born Joseph Aloisius Ratzinger, , on 16 April 1927) is a retired prelate of the Catholic church who served as the head of the Church and the sovereig ...
) attributed to the influence of Saint Peter's Basilica the fact that other churches in Rome are built with the apse to the west and also attributed to topographical circumstances that arrangement for Saint Peter's. However, the arrangement whereby the apse with the altar is at the west end of the church and the entrance on the east is found also in Roman churches contemporary with Saint Peter's (such as the original Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls) that were under no such constraints of terrain, and the same arrangement remained the usual one until the 6th century. In this early layout, the people were situated in the side aisles of the church, not in the central nave. While the priest faced both the altar and east throughout the Mass, the people would face the altar (from the sides) until the high point of the Mass, where they would then turn to face east along with the priest. In its guidelines for the arrangement of churches, the current Roman Missal directs: "The altar should be built apart from the wall, in such a way that it is possible to walk around it easily and that Mass can be celebrated at it facing the people, which is desirable wherever possible." The English also states that both the construction of the altar away from the wall and the celebration ''versus populum'' are "desirable wherever possible." A 2000 statement by the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments stated that "There is no preference expressed in the liturgical legislation for either position. As both positions enjoy the favor of law, the legislation may not be invoked to say that one position or the other accords more closely with the mind of the Church." However, it is possible the GIRM which was promulgated 10 days after this statement has superseded it. The rubrics of the Roman Missal now prescribe that the priest should face the people at six points of the Mass. The priest celebrating the Tridentine Mass was required to face the people, turning his back to the altar if necessary, eight times.


Repositioning of the tabernacle

The revised Roman Missal states that it is "more appropriate as a sign that on an altar on which Mass is celebrated there not be a tabernacle in which the Most Holy Eucharist is reserved", in which case it is "preferable that the tabernacle be located": * either in the sanctuary, apart from the altar of celebration, in an appropriate form and place, not excluding its being positioned on an old altar no longer used for celebration; * or in some
chapel A chapel is a Christian place of prayer and worship that is usually relatively small. The term has several meanings. Firstly, smaller spaces inside a church that have their own altar are often called chapels; the Lady chapel is a common type ...
suitable for the private adoration and prayer of the faithful and organically connected to the church and readily noticeable to the Christian faithful. The Missal does direct that the tabernacle be situated "in a part of the church that is truly noble, prominent, conspicuous, worthily decorated, and suitable for prayer".


Changes to the role of the deacon

In the ''usus antiquor'' (a.k.a. Tridentine Form) the liturgical role of the deacon was largely limited to his role in the ''missa solemnis'' (a.k.a. the Solemn High Mass) and some rites in the ''Rituale Romanum''. Fortescue, Adrian, O'Connell, J.B., and Reid, Alcuin. (2014), ''The Ceremonies of the Roman Rite Described'', Bloomsbury, pp. 135, 173-174. Furthermore, in the ''usus antiquor'' the deacon's role was rarely used apart from the subdeacon. In the Mass of Paul VI, the deacon was now to be included (if he was present), at any level of solemnity, and not just the solemn form of the Mass. Furthermore, it was often the practice in the ''usus antiquor'', that the role of the deacon and subdeacon were filled by clerics who were actually ordained as priests or bishops (additionally, sometimes the subdeacon's role was performed by minor clerics who were not yet subdeacons, a practice called a ''straw'' subdeacon). However, the Missal of Paul VI required that the role of the deacon be filled by one who was, in fact, a deacon (and not a priest or bishop).''Caerimoniale Episcoporum'' (1995). 22. This restriction of the role of the deacon to clerics who were, in fact, ''only'' deacons makes sense in light of the restoration of the Latin deaconate to a stable ministry - as opposed to the inherited practice of the deacon being almost entirely (except for a few, limited cases) a transitional phase ''in cursu honorum'' to the priesthood. Nonetheless, the practice of bishops and priests assuming the vestments and roles of deacons does continue in some papal ceremonies. When the deacon proclaimed the Gospel at Mass, it was no longer proclaimed facing the side of the sanctuary, also known as ''liturgical North'', (symbolizing the announcement of the Gospel to the unevangelized), Fortescue, Adrian, O'Connell, J.B., and Reid, Alcuin. (2014), ''The Ceremonies of the Roman Rite Described'', Bloomsbury, pp. 137-138. but rather from the ''ambo'' towards the people. Furthermore, the priest no longer had to read the Gospel before the deacon proclaimed it, the subdeacon (being soon eliminated) no longer held the Book of the Gospels (a.k.a. ''Evangelium''), Fortescue, Adrian, O'Connell, J.B., and Reid, Alcuin. (2014), ''The Ceremonies of the Roman Rite Described'', Bloomsbury, pp. 135. and the Gospel no longer had to be sung by the deacon, but could (optionally) be read. Having been lost by the time of the Leonine Sacramentary in 560 A.D., the ''Oratio Universalis'' (a.k.a. Prayer of the Faithful) was restored to its former location after the Creed and before the Offertory (indicated in the ''usus antiquor'' by the priest turning immediately before the Offertory, and saying ''Oremus'' and the immediately proceeding to the Offertory), as a properly deacon's part.Crouan, S.T.D. Denis (2005), ''The History and the Future of the Roman Liturgy'', Ignatius Press, pp. 315-316. However, in practice the intentions in the ''Oratio Universalis'' are still commonly read by laypersons (sometimes even when deacons are present, contrary to directives). The ''Oratio Universalis'' may be sung in the style of a litany, with provided music in the ''2002 Missale Romanum''.Catholic Church, ''The Roman Missal'', Catholic Book Publishing Corp., New Jersey. 2011, pp. 1284. The deacon's duties at the Offertory also changed. Absent the subdeacon after 1972, the deacon was responsible for placing both the wine ''and'' the water into the chalice (instead of having the subdeacon place the water in the chalice). Fortescue, Adrian, O'Connell, J.B., and Reid, Alcuin. (2014), ''The Ceremonies of the Roman Rite Described'', Bloomsbury, p. 132. After presenting the chalice to the priest, the deacon formerly (in the ''usus antiquor'') would support either the priest's arm or the base of the chalice and saying ''with'' the priest, "''Offerimus tibi...''", but in the Missal of Paul VI, the deacon presents the chalice to the priest, who offers it alone, saying "''Benedictus Es...''" Fortescue, Adrian, O'Connell, J.B., and Reid, Alcuin. (2014), ''The Ceremonies of the Roman Rite Described'', Bloomsbury, p. 139.


Changes to the subdeacon

From its promulgation in 1969 to 1972 the Mass of Paul VI had briefly included a subdeacon whose job was to "serve at the altar and to assist the priest and deacon. In particular he prepares the altar and the sacred vessels and reads the epistle." However, it was soon eliminated due to the suppression of subdeaconate by Pope Paul VI in 1972 in the ''motu proprio'', '' Ministeria Quaedam''.


Other matters

A procession is now allowed at the Offertory or Presentation of the Gifts, when bread, wine, and water are brought to the altar. The homily has been made an integral part of the Mass instead of being treated as an adjunct, and the ancient Prayer of the Faithful has been restored. The exchange of a sign of peace before Communion, previously limited to the clergy at High Mass, is permitted (not made obligatory) at every Mass, even for the laity. "As for the actual sign of peace to be given, the manner is to be established by Conferences of Bishops in accordance with the culture and customs of the peoples. However, it is appropriate that each person, in a sober manner, offer the sign of peace only to those who are nearest." (''GIRM'', 82.) "While the Sign of Peace is being given, it is permissible to say, ''The peace of the Lord be with you always'', to which the reply is ''Amen''" (''GIRM'', 154).


Criticism of the revision

There are two distinct forms of criticisms of the liturgical reform: criticisms of the text of the revised Missal and criticisms of ways in which the rite has been celebrated in practice.


Criticisms of the text of the Missal

In his preface to the French edition of ''The Reform of the Roman Liturgy'' by Klaus Gamber, Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger, later
Pope Benedict XVI Pope Benedict XVI ( la, Benedictus XVI; it, Benedetto XVI; german: link=no, Benedikt XVI.; born Joseph Aloisius Ratzinger, , on 16 April 1927) is a retired prelate of the Catholic church who served as the head of the Church and the sovereig ...
, said: "In the place of liturgy as the fruit of development came fabricated liturgy. We abandoned the organic, living process of growth and development over the centuries and replaced it – as in a manufacturing process – with a fabrication, a banal on-the-spot product." As Pope Benedict, he later wrote: "There is no contradiction between the two editions of the Roman Missal. In the history of the liturgy there is growth and progress, but no rupture." The SSPX argues that the promulgation of the revised liturgy was legally
invalid Invalid may refer to: * Patient, a sick person * one who is confined to home or bed because of illness, disability or injury (sometimes considered a politically incorrect term) * .invalid, a top-level Internet domain not intended for real use As ...
due to alleged technical deficiencies in the wording of ''Missale Romanum''.


Related worship controversies


Revision of the English translation

The International Commission on English in the Liturgy was at work for 17 years, responding to critiques of the earlier translation, and presented its new translation in 1998. But their proposed translation ran afoul of new leadership in Rome. On 28 March 2001, the
Holy See The Holy See ( lat, Sancta Sedes, ; it, Santa Sede ), also called the See of Rome, Petrine See or Apostolic See, is the jurisdiction of the Pope in his role as the bishop of Rome. It includes the apostolic episcopal see of the Diocese of R ...
issued the Instruction '' Liturgiam authenticam''. This included the requirement that, in translations of the liturgical texts from the official Latin originals, "the original text, insofar as possible, must be translated integrally and in the most exact manner, without omissions or additions in terms of their content, and without paraphrases or glosses. Any adaptation to the characteristics or the nature of the various vernacular languages is to be sober and discreet." The following year, the third typical edition of the revised Roman Missal in Latin was released. In 2002 the leadership of the ICEL was changed, under insistence from the Roman Congregation for Divine Worship and to obtain a translation that was as close as possible to the wording of the Latin original. In spite of push-back by some in the church, Rome prevailed and nine years later a new English translation, closer to that of the Latin and consequently approved by the Holy See, was adopted by English-speaking episcopal conferences. The text of this revised English translation of the Order of Mass is available, and a comparison between it and that then in use in the United States is given under the heading "Changes in the People's Parts". Most episcopal conferences set the first Sunday in Advent (27 November) 2011 as the date when the new translation would come into use. However, the Southern African Catholic Bishops' Conference (Botswana, South Africa, Swaziland) put into effect the changes in the people's parts of the revised English translation of the Order of Mass from 28 November 2008, when the Missal as a whole was not yet available. Protests were voiced on grounds of content and because it meant that Southern Africa was thus out of line with other English-speaking areas. One bishop claimed that the English-speaking conferences should have withstood the Holy See's insistence on a more literal translation. However, when in February 2009 the Holy See declared that the change should have waited until the whole of the Missal had been translated, the bishops' conference appealed, with the result that those parishes that had adopted the new translation of the Order of Mass were directed to continue using it, while those that had not were told to await further instructions before doing so. In December 2016,
Pope Francis Pope Francis ( la, Franciscus; it, Francesco; es, link=, Francisco; born Jorge Mario Bergoglio, 17 December 1936) is the head of the Catholic Church. He has been the bishop of Rome and sovereign of the Vatican City State since 13 March 2013 ...
authorized a commission to study '' Liturgiam authenticam'', the document promulgated by Pope John Paul II which governs authorized vernacular translations of the liturgy.


Notes


See also

*
Code of Rubrics The Code of Rubrics is a three-part liturgical document promulgated in 1960 under Pope John XXIII, which in the form of a legal code indicated the liturgical and sacramental law governing the celebration of the Roman Rite Mass and Divine Offic ...
* Preconciliar rites after the Second Vatican Council


References


Bibliography

* ''GIRM''
''General Instruction the Roman Missal'', 2010


''motu proprio'' of Benedict XVI (2007). * * * * * * * * * *


External links


Order of the Mass, 1970 Latin text with 1973 English translation, rubrics in English only
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mass of Paul Vi Roman Rite Pope Paul VI