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The marmosets (), also known as zaris or sagoin, are 22
New World monkey New World monkeys are the five families of primates that are found in the tropical regions of Mexico, Central and South America: Callitrichidae, Cebidae, Aotidae, Pitheciidae, and Atelidae. The five families are ranked together as the Ceboidea ...
species of the genera ''
Callithrix ''Callithrix'' is a genus of New World monkeys of the family Callitrichidae, the family containing marmosets and tamarins. The genus contains the Atlantic Forest marmosets. The name ''Callithrix'' is derived from the Greek words ''kallos'', ...
'', ''
Cebuella Pygmy marmosets are two species of small New World monkeys in the genus ''Cebuella''. They are native to rainforests of the western Amazon Basin in South America. These primates are notable for being the smallest monkeys in the world, at just o ...
'', ''
Callibella The Roosmalens' dwarf marmoset (''Mico humilis''), also known as the black-crowned dwarf marmoset, is a small New World monkey native to the Amazon Rainforest, on the east bank of the lower Madeira River, and the west bank of the Aripuanã River ...
'', and ''
Mico People * Mićo Janić (born 1979), Croatian sprint canoer * Mićo Ljubibratić (1839–1889), Serbian revolutionary * Mico Palanca (1978–2019), Filipino actor * Mićo Smiljanić (born 1974), Serbian/Montenegrin footballer * Mićo Stanišić ( ...
''. All four genera are part of the biological family
Callitrichidae The Callitrichidae (also called Arctopitheci or Hapalidae) are a family of New World monkeys, including marmosets, tamarins, and lion tamarins. At times, this group of animals has been regarded as a subfamily, called the Callitrichinae, of the ...
. The term "marmoset" is also used in reference to
Goeldi's marmoset The Goeldi's marmoset or Goeldi's monkey (''Callimico goeldii'') is a small, South American New World monkey that lives in the upper Amazon basin region of Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, and Peru. It is the only species classified in the genus ''Cal ...
, ''Callimico goeldii'', which is closely related. Most marmosets are about long. Relative to other monkeys, they show some apparently primitive features; they have
claws A claw is a curved, pointed appendage found at the end of a toe or finger in most amniotes (mammals, reptiles, birds). Some invertebrates such as beetles and spiders have somewhat similar fine, hooked structures at the end of the leg or tarsus ...
rather than
nail Nail or Nails may refer to: In biology * Nail (anatomy), toughened protective protein-keratin (known as alpha-keratin, also found in hair) at the end of an animal digit, such as fingernail * Nail (beak), a plate of hard horny tissue at the tip ...
s, and tactile hairs on their wrists. They lack
wisdom teeth A third molar, commonly called wisdom tooth, is one of the three molars per quadrant of the human dentition. It is the most posterior of the three. The age at which wisdom teeth come through ( erupt) is variable, but this generally occurs betw ...
, and their brain layout seems to be relatively primitive. Their body temperature is unusually variable, changing by up to 4°C (7°F) in a day. Marmosets are native to South America and have been found in
Bolivia , image_flag = Bandera de Bolivia (Estado).svg , flag_alt = Horizontal tricolor (red, yellow, and green from top to bottom) with the coat of arms of Bolivia in the center , flag_alt2 = 7 × 7 square p ...
, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, and Peru. They have also been occasionally spotted in Central America and southern Mexico. They are sometimes kept as pets, though they have specific dietary and habitat needs that require consideration. According to recent research, marmosets exhibit germline chimerism, which is not known to occur in nature in any primates other than
callitrichid The Callitrichidae (also called Arctopitheci or Hapalidae) are a family of New World monkeys, including marmosets, tamarins, and lion tamarins. At times, this group of animals has been regarded as a subfamily, called the Callitrichinae, of the fa ...
s. 95% of marmoset fraternal twins trade blood through chorionic fusions, making them
hematopoietic Haematopoiesis (, from Greek , 'blood' and 'to make'; also hematopoiesis in American English; sometimes also h(a)emopoiesis) is the formation of blood cellular components. All cellular blood components are derived from haematopoietic stem cells ...
chimeras.


Etymology

''Callithrix'' comes from Ancient Greek and means "beautiful fur".


Species list

* Genus ''
Callithrix ''Callithrix'' is a genus of New World monkeys of the family Callitrichidae, the family containing marmosets and tamarins. The genus contains the Atlantic Forest marmosets. The name ''Callithrix'' is derived from the Greek words ''kallos'', ...
''—Atlantic marmosets **
Common marmoset The common marmoset (''Callithrix jacchus'') also called white-tufted marmoset or white-tufted-ear marmoset is a New World monkey. It originally lived on the northeastern coast of Brazil, in the states of Piaui, Paraiba, Ceará, Rio Grande do ...
, ''Callithrix jacchus'' **
Black-tufted marmoset The black-tufted marmoset (''Callithrix penicillata''), also known as Mico-estrela in Portuguese, is a species of New World monkey that lives primarily in the Neo-tropical gallery forests of the Brazilian Central Plateau. It ranges from Bahia ...
, ''Callithrix penicillata'' **
Wied's marmoset Wied's marmoset (''Callithrix kuhlii''), also known as Wied's black-tufted-ear marmoset, is a New World monkey that lives in tropical and subtropical forests of eastern Brazil. Unlike other marmosets, Wied's marmoset lives in groups consisting of ...
, ''Callithrix kuhlii'' **
White-headed marmoset The white-headed marmoset (''Callithrix geoffroyi''), also known as the tufted-ear marmoset, Geoffroy's marmoset, or Geoffrey's marmoset, is a marmoset endemic to forests in eastern Brazil, where it is native to Bahia, Espírito Santo, and Minas ...
, ''Callithrix geoffroyi'' ** Buffy-headed marmoset, ''Callithrix flaviceps'' ** Buffy-tufted marmoset, ''Callithrix aurita'' * Genus ''
Mico People * Mićo Janić (born 1979), Croatian sprint canoer * Mićo Ljubibratić (1839–1889), Serbian revolutionary * Mico Palanca (1978–2019), Filipino actor * Mićo Smiljanić (born 1974), Serbian/Montenegrin footballer * Mićo Stanišić ( ...
''—Amazonian marmosets ** Rio Acari marmoset, ''Mico acariensis'' ** Silvery marmoset, ''Mico argentatus'' ** White marmoset, ''Mico leucippe'' **
Emilia's marmoset The Emilia's marmoset (''Mico emiliae''), also known as Snethlage's marmoset, is a marmoset endemic to Brazil.Emmons, L & Feer, F. (1997). ''Neotropical Rainforest Mammals''. It is found only in the Brazilian states of Pará and Mato Grosso ...
, ''Mico emiliae'' ** Black-headed marmoset, ''Mico nigriceps'' **
Marca's marmoset The Marca's marmoset (''Mico marcai'') is a species of marmoset that is endemic to the Amazon, in the Aripuanã- Manicoré interfluvium in Brazil. Its body is light grey, with orange legs, a black tail, a pinkish face, and naked ears. It is abo ...
, ''Mico marcai'' **
Black-tailed marmoset The black-tailed marmoset (''Mico melanurus'') is a species of New World monkey from central South America, where it ranges from the south-central Amazon in Brazil, south through the Pantanal and eastern Bolivia, to the Chaco in far northern ...
, ''Mico melanura'' ** Santarem marmoset, ''Mico humeralifer'' ** Maués marmoset, ''Mico mauesi'' ** Munduruku marmoset, ''Mico munduruku'' ** Gold-and-white marmoset, ''Mico chrysoleucos'' ** Hershkovitz's marmoset, ''Mico intermedius'' ** Satéré marmoset, ''Mico saterei'' ** Rondon's marmoset, ''Mico rondoni'' * Genus ''
Callibella The Roosmalens' dwarf marmoset (''Mico humilis''), also known as the black-crowned dwarf marmoset, is a small New World monkey native to the Amazon Rainforest, on the east bank of the lower Madeira River, and the west bank of the Aripuanã River ...
''—Roosmalens' dwarf marmoset **
Roosmalens' dwarf marmoset The Roosmalens' dwarf marmoset (''Mico humilis''), also known as the black-crowned dwarf marmoset, is a small New World monkey native to the Amazon Rainforest, on the east bank of the lower Madeira River, and the west bank of the Aripuanã River ...
, ''Callibella humilis'' * Genus ''
Cebuella Pygmy marmosets are two species of small New World monkeys in the genus ''Cebuella''. They are native to rainforests of the western Amazon Basin in South America. These primates are notable for being the smallest monkeys in the world, at just o ...
''—Pygmy Marmoset **
Pygmy marmoset Pygmy marmosets are two species of small New World monkeys in the genus ''Cebuella''. They are native to rainforests of the western Amazon Basin in South America. These primates are notable for being the smallest monkeys in the world, at just ov ...
, ''Cebuella pygmaea''


Behavior

Marmosets are highly active, living in the upper canopy of forest trees, and feeding on insects, fruit, leaves, tack, sap, and gum. They have long lower incisors, which allow them to chew holes in tree trunks and branches to harvest the gum inside; some species are specialised feeders on gum. Marmosets live in family groups of three to 15, consisting of one or two breeding females, an unrelated male, their offspring, and occasionally extended family members and unrelated individuals. Their mating systems are highly variable and can include
monogamy Monogamy ( ) is a form of dyadic relationship in which an individual has only one partner during their lifetime. Alternately, only one partner at any one time (serial monogamy) — as compared to the various forms of non-monogamy (e.g., polyg ...
, polygyny, and
polyandry Polyandry (; ) is a form of polygamy in which a woman takes two or more husbands at the same time. Polyandry is contrasted with polygyny, involving one male and two or more females. If a marriage involves a plural number of "husbands and wives" ...
. In most species, fraternal twins are usually born, but triplets are not unknown. Like other callitrichines, marmosets are characterized by a high degree of cooperative care of the young and some food sharing and tolerated theft. Adult males, females other than the mother, and older offspring participate in carrying infants. Father marmosets are an exceptionally attentive example of fathers within the animal kingdom, going as far as assisting their mates in giving birth, cleaning up afterbirth, and even biting the umbilical cords attaching their newborn offspring to their mothers. Most groups scent mark and defend the edges of their ranges, but if they are truly territorial is unclear, as group home ranges greatly overlap. The favorite food of marmosets is carbohydrate-rich tree sap, which they reach by gnawing holes in trunks. Their territories are centered on the trees that they regularly exploit in this way. The smaller marmosets venture into the very top of forest canopies to hunt insects that are abundant there.


References


External links


Primate Info Net ''Callithrix'' Factsheets

Common Marmoset Care
{{Callitrichidae nav ^ Marmosets ^ Mammal common names