Sir Mark Aitchison Young (楊慕琦, 30 June 1886 – 12 May 1974) was a British
administrator
Administrator or admin may refer to:
Job roles Computing and internet
* Database administrator, a person who is responsible for the environmental aspects of a database
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who became the
Governor of Hong Kong
The governor of Hong Kong was the representative of the British Crown in Hong Kong from 1843 to 1997. In this capacity, the governor was president of the Executive Council and commander-in-chief of the British Forces Overseas Hong Kon ...
during the years immediately before and after the
Japanese occupation of the territory.
Early life, service in war
Young was the third son of colonial administrator
William Mackworth Young
Sir William Mackworth Young (15 August 1840 – 10 May 1924) was a member of the Indian Civil Service, who became Lieutenant-Governor of the Punjab 1897–1902.
Young was the son of Captain Sir George Young, 2nd Baronet. He attended Eton and K ...
and his second wife, Frances Mary, daughter of Sir
Robert Eyles Egerton, KCSI, JP, Lieutenant-Governor of the Punjab from 1877 to 1882,
[Burke's Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage, 107th edition, vol. 1, Burke's Peerage Ltd, 2003, p. 1164] Sir Robert Egerton was nephew of the 8th and 9th
Grey Egerton baronets. Mark Young's paternal grandfather was
Sir George Young, 2nd Baronet.
Young was educated at
Eton College
Eton College () is a Public school (United Kingdom), public school in Eton, Berkshire, England. It was founded in 1440 by Henry VI of England, Henry VI under the name ''Kynge's College of Our Ladye of Eton besyde Windesore'',Nevill, p. 3 ff. i ...
and
King's College, Cambridge
King's College is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge. Formally The King's College of Our Lady and Saint Nicholas in Cambridge, the college lies beside the River Cam and faces out onto King's Parade in the centre of the cit ...
. He entered the
Ceylon Civil Service
The Ceylon Civil Service, popularly known by its acronym CCS, was the premier civil service of the Government of Ceylon under British colonial rule and in the immediate post-independence period. Established in 1833, it functioned as part of the ...
in 1909 and served in the
British Army
The British Army is the principal land warfare force of the United Kingdom, a part of the British Armed Forces along with the Royal Navy and the Royal Air Force. , the British Army comprises 79,380 regular full-time personnel, 4,090 Gurkha ...
with the
Rifle Brigade (Prince Consort's Own)
The Rifle Brigade (The Prince Consort's Own) was an infantry rifle regiment of the British Army formed in January 1800 as the "Experimental Corps of Riflemen" to provide sharpshooters, scouts, and skirmishers. They were soon renamed the "Ri ...
during
World War I
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was List of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll, one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, ...
from 1915.
Colonial administration
Young served as principal assistant colonial secretary of
Ceylon
Sri Lanka (, ; si, ශ්රී ලංකා, Śrī Laṅkā, translit-std=ISO (); ta, இலங்கை, Ilaṅkai, translit-std=ISO ()), formerly known as Ceylon and officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an ...
from 1923 to 1928, then as colonial secretary of
Sierra Leone
Sierra Leone,)]. officially the Republic of Sierra Leone, is a country on the southwest coast of West Africa. It is bordered by Liberia to the southeast and Guinea surrounds the northern half of the nation. Covering a total area of , Sierr ...
from 1928 to 1930. From 1930 to 1933, he served as chief secretary to the Government of the
Mandatory Palestine, British Mandate of Palestine.
From 5 August 1933 to March 1938, he served as governor and commander-in-chief of
Barbados
Barbados is an island country in the Lesser Antilles of the West Indies, in the Caribbean region of the Americas, and the most easterly of the Caribbean Islands. It occupies an area of and has a population of about 287,000 (2019 estima ...
. From November 1937 to February 1938, he served in the Government of
Trinidad and Tobago
Trinidad and Tobago (, ), officially the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, is the southernmost island country in the Caribbean. Consisting of the main islands Trinidad and Tobago, and numerous much smaller islands, it is situated south of ...
. Then from 1938 to 1941, he served as governor and commander-in-chief of the
Tanganyika Territory
Tanganyika was a colonial territory in East Africa which was administered by the United Kingdom in various guises from 1916 to 1961. It was initially administered under a military occupation regime. From 20 July 1922, it was formalised into a L ...
British Mandate.
Hong Kong governor, prisoner of war
On 10 September 1941 Young was appointed
Governor of Hong Kong
The governor of Hong Kong was the representative of the British Crown in Hong Kong from 1843 to 1997. In this capacity, the governor was president of the Executive Council and commander-in-chief of the British Forces Overseas Hong Kon ...
. Japanese forces already occupied the Chinese mainland adjoining Hong Kong as part of their ongoing war with China, and early in Young's term Hong Kong came under the threat of Japanese invasion.
At 08:00, 8 December 1941, several hours after
Pearl Harbor was attacked, Hong Kong came under fire by Imperial Japanese Forces.
The battle lasted for 17 days, and ended when Young surrendered the colony to the Japanese General
Takashi Sakai on 25 December, known as the 'Black Christmas' by Hong Kong people, who were then
subject to Japanese rule for the next 3 years and 8 months. Young rebuffed several attempts by
General Maltby and others in the military to ask for terms and discuss surrender as early as the 18th. This was in part based on clear instruction by
Churchill
Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill (30 November 187424 January 1965) was a British statesman, soldier, and writer who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom twice, from 1940 to 1945 during the Second World War, and again from 1 ...
directly to Young, advising him that "Every Part of (Hong Kong) Island must be fought over and the enemy resisted with the utmost stubbornness. Every day that you are able to maintain your resistance you help the Allied cause all over the world."
[Snow, Philip. 004(2004). The fall of Hong Kong: Britain, China and the Japanese occupation. Yale University Press. , ]
Young was a prisoner of war in Japanese hands from December 1941 to August 1945. He was initially held in the
Peninsula Hotel and subsequently incarcerated in a prisoner of war
camp in Stanley, on the southern shores of
Hong Kong Island
Hong Kong Island is an island in the southern part of Hong Kong. Known colloquially and on road signs simply as Hong Kong, the island has a population of 1,289,500 and its population density is 16,390/km2, . The island had a population of a ...
. Shortly thereafter, he was later transferred, with other high-ranking Allied captives, including General Maltby, to a series of POW camps in Shanghai, Taiwan, and Japan, then to a camp near the Chinese-Mongolian border, and finally to a
location near Mukden (modern
Shenyang
Shenyang (, ; ; Mandarin pronunciation: ), formerly known as Fengtian () or by its Manchu name Mukden, is a major Chinese sub-provincial city and the provincial capital of Liaoning province. Located in central-north Liaoning, it is the provi ...
)
Manchuria
Manchuria is an exonym (derived from the endo demonym " Manchu") for a historical and geographic region in Northeast Asia encompassing the entirety of present-day Northeast China (Inner Manchuria) and parts of the Russian Far East (Outer M ...
, until his liberation at war's end. Despite being the colony's highest-ranking official, Young was mistreated by his captors. Japan was defeated and surrendered in September 1945 and the British regained control of the colony.
Post-Japanese occupation governorship
Young resumed his duties as
Governor of Hong Kong
The governor of Hong Kong was the representative of the British Crown in Hong Kong from 1843 to 1997. In this capacity, the governor was president of the Executive Council and commander-in-chief of the British Forces Overseas Hong Kon ...
on 1 May 1946, after having spent some time
recuperating in England. After returning, he proposed
political reforms that would have allowed Hong Kong residents to directly choose a 30-member representative Legislative Council. He envisaged that the new Council would handle everyday affairs and that its decisions would be immune to the Governor's veto. Young, echoing the plan of Sir
Geoffry Northcote, called for the promotion of local Chinese civil servants to the senior posts. These initiatives were eventually abandoned under the term of Governor
Sir Alexander Grantham, an ardent conservative.
Young retired from the governorship in 1947.
Personal life
Young and his wife, Josephine Mary, had two sons and two daughters.
Young,
Sir William Robinson and
Christopher Patten
Christopher Francis Patten, Baron Patten of Barnes, (; born 12 May 1944) is a British politician who was the 28th and last Governor of Hong Kong from 1992 to 1997 and Chairman of the Conservative Party from 1990 to 1992. He was made a life ...
are the only governors not to have been honoured in Hong Kong after completing their post. This is probably because most of Young's time in Hong Kong was spent as prisoner of war, with only a brief period from 1946 to 1947 as governor.
His brothers
Gerard Mackworth Young (also director of the
British School at Athens
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) and Sir
Hubert Winthrop Young, KCMG, were also colonial administrators.
[
]
Honours
* Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George
The Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George is a British order of chivalry founded on 28 April 1818 by George IV, Prince of Wales, while he was acting as prince regent for his father, King George III.
It is named in honour ...
(C.M.G.) (1931)
* Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
The Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George is a British order of chivalry founded on 28 April 1818 by George IV, Prince of Wales, while he was acting as prince regent for his father, King George III.
It is named in honour ...
(K.C.M.G.) - Sir (1934)
* Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
The Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George is a British order of chivalry founded on 28 April 1818 by George IV, Prince of Wales, while he was acting as prince regent for his father, King George III.
It is named in honour ...
(G.C.M.G.) - Sir (1946)
References
* Battle For Hong Kong December 1941 by Philip Cracknell JULY 2019. Publisher AMBERLEY.
External links
Hong Kong Photo 1946–1947 by Hedda Morrison
{{DEFAULTSORT:Young, Mark Aitchison
1886 births
1974 deaths
Military personnel of British India
Governors of Hong Kong
Governors of Barbados
British High Commissioners of Palestine
British Army personnel of World War I
Rifle Brigade officers
World War II political leaders
History of Hong Kong
Battle of Hong Kong
Hong Kong people of World War II
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
Alumni of King's College, Cambridge
Colonial Administrative Service officers
Governors of Tanganyika (territory)
World War II prisoners of war held by Japan
Colonial Secretaries of Sierra Leone
People of British Ceylon
Chief Secretaries of Palestine