Manwen Laodang
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{{Unreferenced, date=December 2009 ''Manwen Laodang'' (滿文老檔) is a set of Manchu official documents of the
Qing dynasty The Qing dynasty ( ), officially the Great Qing,, was a Manchu-led imperial dynasty of China and the last orthodox dynasty in Chinese history. It emerged from the Later Jin dynasty founded by the Jianzhou Jurchens, a Tungusic-spea ...
, compiled during the late
Qianlong The Qianlong Emperor (25 September 17117 February 1799), also known by his Temple name, temple name Emperor Gaozong of Qing, born Hongli, was the fifth List of emperors of the Qing dynasty, Emperor of the Qing dynasty and the fourth Qing empe ...
period based on '' Jiu Manzhou Dang''.


Two editions

It was difficult to understand Old Manchu, written in the script without dots and circles, in the Qianlong period. Translation of old archives into Standard Manchu was started in 1775. Two versions, namely the Beijing edition and the Mukden edition, were created. Both editions slept deep inside the palaces. Each edition contains both "tongki fuka sindaha hergen i dangse" (archives in the script with dots and circles) and "tongki fuka akū hergen i dangse" (archives in the script without dots and circles). The former is written in Standard Manchu. The Beijing edition gives commentaries to arcane passages and Manchu translations to Mongolian texts. The latter is basically written in Old Manchu. Note that it is not identical with ''Jiu Manzhou Dang'' since duplications of original archives were eliminated from ''Manwen Laodang''. Some old archives written in Standard Manchu are reduced to Old Manchu but the rest is kept in the original language.


Discovery

The Mukden edition was discovered by the Japanese historian Naito Torajiro in 1905 and he named it ''Manwen Laodang'' (Mambun Rōtō). He filmed the archives in the script with dots and circles in 1912 and brought them to Japan. The Beijing edition was discovered in 1931. Manchu literature Qianlong Emperor 1905 archaeological discoveries Ming dynasty literature Qing dynasty literature Jurchen history History books about the Ming dynasty 1931 archaeological discoveries