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''Man, the State, and War'' is a 1959 book on international relations by realist academic
Kenneth Waltz Kenneth Neal Waltz (; June 8, 1924 – May 12, 2013) was an American political scientist who was a member of the faculty at both the University of California, Berkeley and Columbia University and one of the most prominent scholars in the field ...
. The book is influential within the field of international relations theory for establishing the three 'images of analysis' used to explain conflict in international politics: the international system, the state, and the individual.


Waltz's three images of international relations

Waltz's initial contribution to the field of international relations was his 1959 book, ''Man, the State, and War'', which classified theories of the
causes of war War is an intense armed conflict between states, governments, societies, or paramilitary groups such as mercenaries, insurgents, and militias. It is generally characterized by extreme violence, destruction, and mortality, using regular o ...
into three categories, or levels of analysis. Waltz refers to these levels of analysis as "images," and uses the writings of one or more classic political philosophers to outline the major points of each image. Each image is given two chapters: the first uses mainly the classical philosopher's writings to describe what that image says about the cause of war, and the second usually has Waltz analyzing the strengths and weaknesses of that image.


First image: Individuals

The first image argues that wars are often caused by the nature of particular statesmen and political leaders such as state leaders, like Napoleon or Saddam Hussein, or by human nature more generally. That is basically consistent with
classical realism Classical Realism is an artistic movement in the late-20th and early 21st century in which drawing and painting place a high value upon skill and beauty, combining elements of 19th-century neoclassicism and realism. Origins The term "Cla ...
, which then dominated international relations but would be discussed by Waltz more fully in his next book, ''
Theory of International Politics ''Theory of International Politics'' is a 1979 book on international relations theory by Kenneth Waltz that creates a structural realist theory, neorealism, to explain international relations. Taking into account the influence of neoclassical e ...
''.


Second image: States

Theories of war that fall under the rubric of Waltz's second image contend that wars are caused by the domestic makeup of states. A prime example that Waltz refers to is Lenin's theory of imperialism, which posits that the main cause of war is rooted in the need for
capitalist Capitalism is an economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production and their operation for profit. Central characteristics of capitalism include capital accumulation, competitive markets, price system, private p ...
states to continue opening up new markets to perpetuate their economic system at home. A more familiar example in the Western world today is the notion that nondemocratic states, because of their internal composition, start wars.


Third image: International system

Waltz next assesses the first two images as being less influential in general than the third image, yet ultimately necessary in understanding the causes of War. Waltz concludes his 1959 book ''Man, the State, and War'' with a final explanation of the three images. The third image describing the framework of world politics and the first and second images, determining the forces that create the policies of a state. The third image posits that the cause of war is found at the systemic level; namely, that the
anarchic Anarchy is a society without a government. It may also refer to a society or group of people that entirely rejects a set hierarchy. ''Anarchy'' was first used in English in 1539, meaning "an absence of government". Pierre-Joseph Proudhon adopte ...
structure of the international system is the root cause of war. In this context, "anarchy" is defined not as a condition of chaos or disorder but as one in which there is no sovereign body that governs the interactions between autonomous nation-states. In other words, unlike in domestic society in which citizens can theoretically rely on law enforcement agencies to protect their persons and property, if a state is invaded and calls "911," it cannot be sure anyone will answer. Similarly, when two citizens have a dispute, they can appeal to the courts to render a verdict and, more importantly, the law enforcement agencies to enforce the court's ruling, but there is no body above nation-states that is capable of establishing rules or laws for all the states, deciding how these apply in specific cases, and compelling the states to honor the court's ruling. As a result, if an issue at stake is important enough to a state, it can achieve a satisfactory outcome only by using its
power Power most often refers to: * Power (physics), meaning "rate of doing work" ** Engine power, the power put out by an engine ** Electric power * Power (social and political), the ability to influence people or events ** Abusive power Power may ...
to impose its will on another state(s). The realization that at any point in time any state can resort to armed force, forces each state always be prepared for that contingency. These themes are fleshed out more fully in ''Theory of International Politics'' which, as the title suggests, lays out a theory for international politics as a whole rather than the narrower focus on what causes war.


Reception

J. David Singer J. David Singer (December 7, 1925, New York City – December 28, 2009, Ann Arbor, Michigan) was an American professor of political science at the University of Michigan. Singer was a pioneer in the application of quantitative methods to puzzles i ...
praised the book in a 1960 review, arguing that it was important for International Relations scholars to understand the assumptions behind their research. Singer defended Waltz's choice of three levels of analysis, as Singer argued that other potential levels of analysis (such as including the "pressure group, socio-economic class, or political party") were unnecessary, as those groups primarily influenced world politics through the state. Singer expressed skepticism about Waltz's claim that the international system was the most important cause of war, with Singer arguing that the behavior of individuals can alter the international system and that it ultimately falls to individuals to understand what the incentive structure of the system is. He wrote, "one might well argue that the key variable is not actually the system itself, but the way in which that system is perceived, evaluated, and responded to by the decision makers in the several and separate states."


See also

*'' On War'' *''
Social Theory of International Politics ''Social Theory of International Politics'' is an academic book by Alexander Wendt. It expresses a constructivist approach to the study of international relations and is one of the leading texts within the constructivist approach to international ...
'' *''
The Tragedy of Great Power Politics ''The Tragedy of Great Power Politics'' is a book by the American scholar John Mearsheimer on the subject of international relations theory published by W.W. Norton & Company in 2001. Mearsheimer explains and argues for his theory of "offensive ...
'' *''
Theory of International Politics ''Theory of International Politics'' is a 1979 book on international relations theory by Kenneth Waltz that creates a structural realist theory, neorealism, to explain international relations. Taking into account the influence of neoclassical e ...
''


References


Further reading

*Waltz, Kenneth (1988) "The Origins of War in Neorealist Theory," ''The Journal of Interdisciplinary History'', Vol. 18, No. 4, The Origin and Prevention of Major Wars (Spring, 1988), pp. 615-628 *Singer, J. David (1961). "The Level-of-Analysis Problem in International Relations". ''World Politics''. 14 (1): 77–92. {{Authority control International relations theory 1959 non-fiction books Political realism Books about international relations Non-fiction books about war Causes of war