The Majang language is spoken by the

Majangir The Majang people, or ''Majangir'', live in southwestern Ethiopia and speak a Nilo-Saharan language of the Surmic cluster. The 1998 census gave the total of the Majangir population as 15,341, but since they live scattered in the hills in disperse ...

people of Ethiopia. Although it is a member of the Surmic language cluster, it is the most isolated one in the group (Fleming 1983). A language survey has shown that dialect variation from north to south is minor and does not seriously impede communication. The 2007 Ethiopian Census lists 6,433 speakers for Majang (Messengo), but also reports that the ethnic group consists of 32,822 individuals (Messengo and Mejengir). According to the census, almost no speakers can be found in

Mezhenger Zone The Mezhenger Zone or Majang Zone is a zone in Gambela Region of Ethiopia. It is named for one of the three largest indigenous groups in Gambela, the Majangir. This zone is bordered on the south and east by the Southern Nations, Nationalities and ...

Gambela Region The Gambela Region (also spelled Gambella; am, ጋምቤላ), officially the Gambela Peoples' Region, is a regional state in western Ethiopia, bordering South Sudan. Previously known as Region 12, its capital is Gambela. The Region is situa ...

; a total of eleven speakers are listed for the zone, but almost 10,000 ethnic Mejenger or Messengo people. Majang NT title page

Phonology

Vowel length is distinctive in Majang, so all vowels come in pairs of long and short, such as ''goopan'' 'punishment' and ''gopan'' 'road'. The vowel inventory is taken out of Joswig (2012) and Getachew (2014, p. 65). Unseth (2007) posed a 9-vowel system with a row of -ATR closed vowels ɪ and ʊ. Moges claims a tenth vowel ɐ, whereas Bender (1983) was only ready to confirm six vowels. All authors agree that there is no ATR vowel harmony in the language. Bender also claims that the glottal stop needs to be treated as a phoneme of Majang though Unseth refutes this. Majang has two

implosives Implosive consonants are a group of stop consonants (and possibly also some affricates) with a mixed glottalic ingressive and pulmonic egressive airstream mechanism.''Phonetics for communication disorders.'' Martin J. Ball and Nicole Müller. Ro ...

, bilabial and coronal, which Moges Yigezu has studied acoustically and distributionally.

Prosodic Features

Tones distinguish meaning in Majang, on both the word level and the grammatical level: ''táŋ'' (higher tone) 'cow', ''tàŋ'' (lower tone) 'abscess'. The tonal inventory consists of two tone levels, with falling and rising contour tones possible at the end of phonological words, plus automatic and non-automatic downstep.

Morphology

The language has markers to indicate three different past tenses (close, mid, far past) and two future tenses (near and farther). The language has a wide variety of suffixes, but almost no prefixes. Though its use is limited to a handful of roots, there are a few words that preserve vestiges of the archaic causative prefix ''i-'', a prefix found in other Surmic languages and also Nilotic. The counting system is a modified vigesimal system, based on 5, 10, and 20. "Twenty" is 'one complete person' (all fingers and toes), so 40 is 'two complete people', 100 is 'five complete people'. However, today, under the influence of schools and increased bilingualism, people generally use the

Amharic Amharic ( or ; (Amharic: ), ', ) is an Ethiopian Semitic language, which is a subgrouping within the Semitic branch of the Afroasiatic languages. It is spoken as a first language by the Amharas, and also serves as a lingua franca for all oth ...

or Oromo words for 100. The person and number marking system does not mark the inclusive and exclusive we distinction, a morphological category that is found in nearby and related languages.

Syntax

Majang has a basic VSO word order, though allowing some flexibility for focus, etc. The language makes extensive use of relative clauses, including for circumstances where English would use

adjective In linguistics, an adjective ( abbreviated ) is a word that generally modifies a noun or noun phrase or describes its referent. Its semantic role is to change information given by the noun. Traditionally, adjectives were considered one of the ma ...

s. A recent study states that Majang is characterized by a strong morphological ergative-absolutive system, and a conjoint-disjoint distinction which is based on the presence or absence of an

absolutive In grammar, the absolutive case (abbreviated ) is the case of nouns in ergative–absolutive languages that would generally be the subjects of intransitive verbs or the objects of transitive verbs in the translational equivalents of nominative ...

noun phrase directly following the verb. Many of these distinctions are coded by tonal differences. Majang, and some related Surmic languages, has been shown to be exceptional to some syntactic typological predictions for languages with Subject–verb–object word order.Jon Arensen, Nicky de Jong, Scott Randal, Peter Unseth. 1997. Interrogatives in Surmic Languages and Greenberg's Universals. ''Occasional Papers in the Study of Sudanese Languages'' 7:71-90. Majang has postpositions and question words sentence-finally, two properties that had been predicted to not occur in languages with VSO word order.

References

Bibliography

* Bender, M. Lionel. 1983. "Majang Phonology and Morphology," in M. Lionel Bender, (ed.), ''Nilo-Saharan Language Studies'', pp. 114–47. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University, African Studies Center. * Fleming, Harold. 1983. "Surmic etymologies" in Rainer Vossen and Marianne Bechhaus-Gerst (eds.),''Nilotic Studies: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Languages and History of the Nilotic Peoples''. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer. pp. 524–555. * Getachew Anteneh Yigzaw. 2014. ''Grammatical Description and Documentation of Majang''. Ph.D. Thesis. Addis Ababa University. * Joswig, Andreas. 2012
"The Vowels of Majang"
in Brenzinger, Matthias and Anne-Maria Fehn (eds.), ''Proceedings of the 6th World Congress of African Linguistics, Cologne 2009''. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag. pp. 263–267. * Joswig, Andreas. 2015a
"Syntactic Sensitivity and Preferred Clause Structure in Majang"
in Angelika Mietzner, Anne Storch (eds.): ''Nilo-Saharan: Models and Descriptions''. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag, pp. 169–176. * Joswig, Andreas. 2015b
''The Basics of Majang Tone''
SIL International. * Joswig, Andreas. 2019
The Majang Language
Ph.D. Thesis. Leiden University. published by Amsterdam: LOT Publications. * Moges Yigezu. 2007. "The Phonetics and Phonology of Majang Vowels: A Historical-Comparative Perspective” in Doris Payne and Mechthild Reh (eds.), ''Advances in Nilo-Saharan Linguistics''. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag. pp. 255–265. * Unseth, Peter. 1988. "Majang Nominal Plurals: With Comparative Notes," ''Studies in African Linguistics'' 19.1:75-91. * Unseth, Peter. 1989. "Sketch of Majang Syntax," in M. Lionel Bender (ed.), ''Topics in Nilo-Saharan Linguistics''. (Nilo-Saharan: Linguistic Analyses and Documentation, vol. 3. Series editor Franz Rottland.) Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag. pp. 97–127. * Unseth, Peter. 1991. "Consonant Sequences and Morphophonemics in Majang" in Richard Pankhurst, Ahmed Zekaria and Taddese Beyene (eds.), ''Proceedings of the First National Conference of Ethiopian Studies''. Addis Ababa: Institute of Ethiopian Studies. pp. 525–534. * Unseth, Peter. 1998. "Two Old Causative Affixes in Surmic," in Gerrit Dimmendaal (ed.), ''Surmic Languages and Cultures''. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag. pp. 113–126. * Unseth, Peter. 2007. "Mağaŋgir language" in ed. by Siegbert Uhlig (ed.) ''Encyclopaedia Aethiopica, Vol 3''. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. pp. 627–629.

External links

* World Atlas of Language Structures information o
Majang

Majang basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database
{{Eastern Sudanic languages Languages of Ethiopia Surmic languages Verb–subject–object languages