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Maiolica is tin-glazed pottery decorated in colours on a white background. Italian maiolica dating from the
Renaissance The Renaissance ( , ) , from , with the same meanings. is a period in European history marking the transition from the Middle Ages to modernity and covering the 15th and 16th centuries, characterized by an effort to revive and surpass ide ...
period is the most renowned. When depicting historical and mythical scenes, these works were known as ''istoriato'' wares ("painted with stories"). By the late 15th century, multiple locations,L. Arnoux, 1877, British Manufacturing Industries – Pottery "Most of the Italian towns had their manufactory, each of them possessing a style of its own. Beginning at Caffagiolo and Deruta, they extended rapidly to Gubbio, Ferrara, and Ravenna, to be continued to Casteldurante, Rimini, Urbino, Florence, Venice, and many other places." mainly in northern and
central Italy Central Italy ( it, Italia centrale or just ) is one of the five official statistical regions of Italy used by the National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT), a first-level NUTS region, and a European Parliament constituency. Regions Central I ...
, were producing sophisticated pieces for a luxury market in Italy and beyond. In France maiolica developed as
faience Faience or faïence (; ) is the general English language term for fine tin-glazed pottery. The invention of a white pottery glaze suitable for painted decoration, by the addition of an oxide of tin to the slip of a lead glaze, was a major ...
, in the Netherlands and England as
delftware Delftware or Delft pottery, also known as Delft Blue ( nl, Delfts blauw) or as delf, is a general term now used for Dutch tin-glazed earthenware, a form of faience. Most of it is blue and white pottery, and the city of Delft in the Netherlands ...
, and in Spain as talavera. In English the spelling was anglicised to ''majolica'' but the pronunciation usually preserved the vowel with an ''i'' as in ''kite'' ().


Name

The name is thought to come from the medieval Italian word for
Majorca Mallorca, or Majorca, is the largest island in the Balearic Islands, which are part of Spain and located in the Mediterranean. The capital of the island, Palma, is also the capital of the autonomous community of the Balearic Islands. The Bale ...
, an island on the route for ships bringing
Hispano-Moresque ware Hispano-Moresque ware is a style of initially Islamic pottery created in Al-Andalus, which continued to be produced under Christian rule in styles blending Islamic and European elements. It was the most elaborate and luxurious pottery being pr ...
s from
Valencia Valencia ( va, València) is the capital of the autonomous community of Valencia and the third-most populated municipality in Spain, with 791,413 inhabitants. It is also the capital of the province of the same name. The wider urban area al ...
to Italy.
Moorish The term Moor, derived from the ancient Mauri, is an exonym first used by Christian Europeans to designate the Muslim inhabitants of the Maghreb, the Iberian Peninsula, Sicily and Malta during the Middle Ages. Moors are not a distinct or s ...
potters from Majorca are reputed to have worked in Sicily and it has been suggested that their wares reached the Italian mainland from
Caltagirone Caltagirone (; scn, Caltaggiruni ; Latin: ''Calata Hieronis'') is an inland city and '' comune'' in the Metropolitan City of Catania, on the island (and region) of Sicily, southern Italy, about southwest of Catania. It is the fifth most popul ...
. An alternative explanation of the name is that it comes from the Spanish term ''obra de
Málaga Málaga (, ) is a municipality of Spain, capital of the Province of Málaga, in the autonomous community of Andalusia. With a population of 578,460 in 2020, it is the second-most populous city in Andalusia after Seville and the sixth most po ...
'', denoting “ mportedwares from Málaga”, or ''obra de mélequa'', the Spanish name for lustre. In the 15th century, the term ''maiolica'' referred solely to
lustreware Lustreware or lusterware (respectively the spellings for British English and American English) is a type of pottery or porcelain with a metallic glaze that gives the effect of iridescence. It is produced by metallic oxides in an overglaze fin ...
, including both Italian-made and Spanish imports, and tin-glaze wares were known as ''bianchi'' (white ware).Alan Caiger-Smith, ''Lustre Pottery'', London and Boston: Faber and Faber, 1985 By 1875 the term was in use describing ceramics made in Italy, lustred or not, of tin-glazed earthenware. With the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, tin-glazed maiolica wares came to be produced in the Valley of Mexico as early as 1540, at first in imitation of tin-glazed pottery imported from
Seville Seville (; es, Sevilla, ) is the capital and largest city of the Spanish autonomous community of Andalusia and the province of Seville. It is situated on the lower reaches of the River Guadalquivir, in the southwest of the Iberian Penins ...
. Mexican maiolica is known famously as ' Talavera'. "By a convenient extension and limitation the name may be applied to all tin-glazed ware, of whatever nationality, made in the Italian tradition ... the name faïence (or the synonymous English 'delftware') being reserved for the later wares of the 17th Century onwards, either in original styles (as in the case of the French) or, more frequently, in the Dutch-Chinese (Delft) tradition." The term "maiolica" is sometimes applied to modern tin-glazed ware made by studio potters.


Tin-glazed earthenware

Tin glazing creates a white, opaque surface for painting. The colours are applied as metallic
oxides An oxide () is a chemical compound that contains at least one oxygen atom and one other element in its chemical formula. "Oxide" itself is the dianion of oxygen, an O2– (molecular) ion. with oxygen in the oxidation state of −2. Most of the E ...
or as
frit A frit is a ceramic composition that has been fused, quenched, and granulated. Frits form an important part of the batches used in compounding enamels and ceramic glazes; the purpose of this pre-fusion is to render any soluble and/or toxic com ...
ted underglazes to the unfired glaze, which absorbs pigment like
fresco Fresco (plural ''frescos'' or ''frescoes'') is a technique of mural painting executed upon freshly laid ("wet") lime plaster. Water is used as the vehicle for the dry-powder pigment to merge with the plaster, and with the setting of the plast ...
, making errors impossible to fix, but preserving the brilliant colors. Sometimes the surface is covered with a second glaze (called ''coperta'' by the Italians) that lends greater shine and brilliance to the wares. In the case of lustred wares, a further oxygen-starved firing at a lower temperature is required. Kilns required wood as well as suitable clay. Glaze was made from sand, wine lees, lead compounds and tin compounds. Tin-glazed earthenware is frequently prone to flaking and somewhat delicate. Analysis of samples of Italian maiolica pottery from the Middle Ages has indicated that tin was not always a component of the glaze, whose chemical composition varied. The fifteenth-century wares that initiated maiolica as an art form were the product of an evolution in which medieval lead-glazed earthenwares were improved by the addition of tin oxides under the influence of Islamic wares imported through Sicily. Such archaic wares are sometimes called "proto-maiolica". During the later fourteenth century, the limited palette of colours for earthenware decorated with coloured lead glazes (no added tin oxide) was expanded from the traditional
manganese Manganese is a chemical element with the Symbol (chemistry), symbol Mn and atomic number 25. It is a hard, brittle, silvery metal, often found in minerals in combination with iron. Manganese is a transition metal with a multifaceted array of ...
purple and
copper Copper is a chemical element with the symbol Cu (from la, cuprum) and atomic number 29. It is a soft, malleable, and ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. A freshly exposed surface of pure copper has a pink ...
green to include
cobalt Cobalt is a chemical element with the symbol Co and atomic number 27. As with nickel, cobalt is found in the Earth's crust only in a chemically combined form, save for small deposits found in alloys of natural meteoric iron. The free element, p ...
blue,
antimony Antimony is a chemical element with the symbol Sb (from la, stibium) and atomic number 51. A lustrous gray metalloid, it is found in nature mainly as the sulfide mineral stibnite (Sb2S3). Antimony compounds have been known since ancient ti ...
yellow and iron-oxide orange. ''
Sgraffito ''Sgraffito'' (; plural: ''sgraffiti'') is a technique either of wall decor, produced by applying layers of plaster tinted in contrasting colours to a moistened surface, or in pottery, by applying to an unfired ceramic body two successive lay ...
'' wares were also produced, in which the white tin-oxide glaze was scratched through to produce a design from the revealed body of the ware. Scrap sgraffito ware excavated from kilns in Bacchereto, Montelupo and
Florence Florence ( ; it, Firenze ) is a city in Central Italy and the capital city of the Tuscany region. It is the most populated city in Tuscany, with 383,083 inhabitants in 2016, and over 1,520,000 in its metropolitan area.Bilancio demografico ...
show that such wares were produced more widely than at
Perugia Perugia (, , ; lat, Perusia) is the capital city of Umbria in central Italy, crossed by the River Tiber, and of the province of Perugia. The city is located about north of Rome and southeast of Florence. It covers a high hilltop and part ...
and
Città di Castello Città di Castello (); "Castle Town") is a city and '' comune'' in the province of Perugia, in the northern part of Umbria. It is situated on a slope of the Apennines, on the flood plain along the upper part of the river Tiber. The city is north o ...
, the places to which they have been traditionally attributed.


History of production

Refined production of tin-glazed earthenwares made for more than local needs was concentrated in central Italy from the later thirteenth century, especially in the ''contada'' of
Florence Florence ( ; it, Firenze ) is a city in Central Italy and the capital city of the Tuscany region. It is the most populated city in Tuscany, with 383,083 inhabitants in 2016, and over 1,520,000 in its metropolitan area.Bilancio demografico ...
. The medium was also adopted by the Della Robbia family of Florentine sculptors. The city itself declined in importance as a centre of maiolica production in the second half of the fifteenth century, perhaps because of local
deforestation Deforestation or forest clearance is the removal of a forest or stand of trees from land that is then converted to non-forest use. Deforestation can involve conversion of forest land to farms, ranches, or urban use. The most concentrated ...
, and manufacture was scattered among small communes, and, after the mid-fifteenth century, at
Faenza Faenza (, , ; rgn, Fènza or ; la, Faventia) is an Italian city and comune of 59,063 inhabitants in the province of Ravenna, Emilia-Romagna, situated southeast of Bologna. Faenza is home to a historical manufacture of majolica-ware glazed ea ...
. Potters from Montelupo set up the potteries at Cafaggiolo. In 1490, twenty-three master-potters of Montelupo agreed to sell the year's production to Francesco Antinori of Florence; Montelupo provided the experienced potters who were set up in 1495 at the
Villa Medicea di Cafaggiolo The Villa Medicea di Cafaggiolo is a villa situated near the Tuscan town of Barberino di Mugello in the valley of the River Sieve, some 25 kilometres north of Florence, central Italy. It was one of the oldest and most favoured of the ...
by its
Medici The House of Medici ( , ) was an Italian banking family and political dynasty that first began to gather prominence under Cosimo de' Medici, in the Republic of Florence during the first half of the 15th century. The family originated in the Mu ...
owners. In the fifteenth century, Florentine wares spurred the production of maiolica at
Arezzo Arezzo ( , , ) , also ; ett, 𐌀𐌓𐌉𐌕𐌉𐌌, Aritim. is a city and '' comune'' in Italy and the capital of the province of the same name located in Tuscany. Arezzo is about southeast of Florence at an elevation of above sea lev ...
and
Siena Siena ( , ; lat, Sena Iulia) is a city in Tuscany, Italy. It is the capital of the province of Siena. The city is historically linked to commercial and banking activities, having been a major banking center until the 13th and 14th centur ...
. Italian maiolica reached an astonishing degree of perfection in this period. In Romagna,
Faenza Faenza (, , ; rgn, Fènza or ; la, Faventia) is an Italian city and comune of 59,063 inhabitants in the province of Ravenna, Emilia-Romagna, situated southeast of Bologna. Faenza is home to a historical manufacture of majolica-ware glazed ea ...
, which gave its name to
faience Faience or faïence (; ) is the general English language term for fine tin-glazed pottery. The invention of a white pottery glaze suitable for painted decoration, by the addition of an oxide of tin to the slip of a lead glaze, was a major ...
, produced fine maiolica from the early fifteenth century; it was the only significant city in which ceramic production industry became a major part of the economy.
Bologna Bologna (, , ; egl, label= Emilian, Bulåggna ; lat, Bononia) is the capital and largest city of the Emilia-Romagna region in Northern Italy. It is the seventh most populous city in Italy with about 400,000 inhabitants and 150 different na ...
produced lead-glazed wares for export.
Orvieto Orvieto () is a city and ''comune'' in the Province of Terni, southwestern Umbria, Italy, situated on the flat summit of a large butte of volcanic tuff. The city rises dramatically above the almost-vertical faces of tuff cliffs that are comp ...
and Deruta both produced ''maioliche'' in the fifteenth century. In the sixteenth century, maiolica production was established at
Castel Durante Urbania is a '' comune'' (municipality) in the Province of Pesaro e Urbino in the Italian region of Marche, located about west of Ancona and about southwest of Pesaro, next to the river Metauro. Urbania borders the following municipalities: A ...
, Urbino,
Gubbio Gubbio () is an Italian town and '' comune'' in the far northeastern part of the Italian province of Perugia (Umbria). It is located on the lowest slope of Mt. Ingino, a small mountain of the Apennines. History The city's origins are very ancient. ...
and
Pesaro Pesaro () is a city and ''comune'' in the Italian region of Marche, capital of the Province of Pesaro e Urbino, on the Adriatic Sea. According to the 2011 census, its population was 95,011, making it the second most populous city in the Marche ...
. The early sixteenth century saw the development of ''istoriato'' wares on which historical and mythical scenes were painted in great detail. The State Museum of Medieval and Modern Art in
Arezzo Arezzo ( , , ) , also ; ett, 𐌀𐌓𐌉𐌕𐌉𐌌, Aritim. is a city and '' comune'' in Italy and the capital of the province of the same name located in Tuscany. Arezzo is about southeast of Florence at an elevation of above sea lev ...
claims to have the largest collection of ''istoriato'' wares in Italy. ''Istoriato'' wares are also well represented in the
British Museum The British Museum is a public museum dedicated to human history, art and culture located in the Bloomsbury area of London. Its permanent collection of eight million works is among the largest and most comprehensive in existence. It docum ...
, London. Some maiolica was produced as far north as
Padua Padua ( ; it, Padova ; vec, Pàdova) is a city and ''comune'' in Veneto, northern Italy. Padua is on the river Bacchiglione, west of Venice. It is the capital of the province of Padua. It is also the economic and communications hub of the ...
,
Venice Venice ( ; it, Venezia ; vec, Venesia or ) is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto Regions of Italy, region. It is built on a group of 118 small islands that are separated by canals and linked by over 400  ...
and
Turin Turin ( , Piedmontese language, Piedmontese: ; it, Torino ) is a city and an important business and cultural centre in Northern Italy. It is the capital city of Piedmont and of the Metropolitan City of Turin, and was the first Italian capital ...
and as far south as
Palermo Palermo ( , ; scn, Palermu , locally also or ) is a city in southern Italy, the capital of both the autonomous region of Sicily and the Metropolitan City of Palermo, the city's surrounding metropolitan province. The city is noted for its ...
and
Caltagirone Caltagirone (; scn, Caltaggiruni ; Latin: ''Calata Hieronis'') is an inland city and '' comune'' in the Metropolitan City of Catania, on the island (and region) of Sicily, southern Italy, about southwest of Catania. It is the fifth most popul ...
in Sicily and Laterza in Apulia. In the seventeenth century
Savona Savona (; lij, Sann-a ) is a seaport and ''comune'' in the west part of the northern Italy, Italian region of Liguria, capital of the Province of Savona, in the Riviera di Ponente on the Mediterranean Sea. Savona used to be one of the chie ...
began to be a prominent place of manufacture. The variety of styles that arose in the sixteenth century all but defies classification. Goldthwaite notes that Paride Berardi's morphology of Pesaro maioliche comprises four styles in 20 sub-groups; Tiziano Mannoni categorized Ligurian wares in four types, eight sub-categories and 36 further divisions; Galeazzo Cora's morphology of Montelupo's production is in 19 groups and 51 categories. The diversity of styles can best be seen in a comparative study of apothecary jars produced between the 15th and 18th centuries. Italian cities encouraged the pottery industry by offering tax relief, citizenship, monopoly rights and protection from outside imports. An important mid-sixteenth century document for the techniques of maiolica painting is the treatise of Cipriano Piccolpasso. The work of individual sixteenth-century masters like
Nicola da Urbino Nicola da Urbino (ca. 1480 – 1540/1547) formerly confused with Nicola Pellipario has traditionally been designated as the Italian ceramicist from Castel Durante in Marche who introduced into painted maiolica the new ''istoriato'' style, ...
,
Francesco Xanto Avelli Francesco Xanto Avelli (Rovigo, c. 1487? – c. 1542?)These dates are put forth in the biography provided by the J. Paul Getty Museum; they appear, however, to be highly conjectural. was an Italian ceramicist. He is best known for his p ...
,
Guido Durantino Guido Fontana (1490 – 1576) was an Italian maiolica maker and the father of Orazio Fontana. Biography Fontana was born in 1490 in Castel Durante. He moved to Urbino, where set up shop there when he called himself Fontana. He bought a house ...
and
Orazio Fontana Orazio Fontana (1510–1571) was an Italian potter and maiolica painter, who introduced ''istoriato'' maiolica in Urbino. Biography He was born in Castel Durante as the son of Guido Durantino, who was also known as Guido Fontana. Along wi ...
of Urbino, Mastro Giorgio of Gubbio and Maestro Domenigo of Venice has been noted. Gubbio lustre used colours such as greenish yellow, strawberry pink and a ruby red. The tradition of fine maiolica came under increasing competition in the 18th century, mainly from
porcelain Porcelain () is a ceramic material made by heating substances, generally including materials such as kaolinite, in a kiln to temperatures between . The strength and translucence of porcelain, relative to other types of pottery, arises main ...
and white earthenware. But the 18th century is not a period of relentless decline. To face the competition from porcelain and its vibrant colours, the process of third firing (piccolo fuoco) was introduced, initially in North-West Europe around the mid of century. After the traditional two firings at 950 °C, the vitrified glaze was painted with colours that would have degraded at such high temperatures, and was fired a third time at a lower temperature, about 600-650 °C. New vibrant colours were thus introduced, in particular red and various shades of pink obtained from gold chloride. It is believed that one of the first to introduce this technique in Italy was Ferretti in Lodi, in northern Italy. Lodi maiolica had already reached high quality in the second quarter of the 18th century. With the introduction of the third firing technique, and with the increasing interest in botany and scientific observation, a refined production of maiolica decorated with naturalistic flowers was developed. Italian maiolica remains commonly produced in many centres, both in folk art forms and reproductions of the historic style. Some of the principal centers of production (e.g. Deruta and Montelupo) still produce maiolica, which is sold worldwide. Modern maiolica looks different from old maiolica because its glaze is usually opacified with the cheaper
zircon Zircon () is a mineral belonging to the group of nesosilicates and is a source of the metal zirconium. Its chemical name is zirconium(IV) silicate, and its corresponding chemical formula is Zr SiO4. An empirical formula showing some of t ...
rather than tin, though there are potteries that specialise in making authentic-looking Renaissance-style pieces with genuine tin-glaze.


Gallery

Firenze, orciolo a zaffera con cani, 1400-1450 ca.JPG, Blue and white vase with oak-leaf and dogs decor, Florence, 1400–1450
Bargello Museum The Bargello, also known as the Palazzo del Bargello, Museo Nazionale del Bargello, or Palazzo del Popolo (Palace of the People), was a former barracks and prison, now an art museum, in Florence, Italy. Terminology The word ''bargello'' appear ...
File:Casa Pirota Workshop - Plate with Cupid - Walters 481339.jpg,
Faenza Faenza (, , ; rgn, Fènza or ; la, Faventia) is an Italian city and comune of 59,063 inhabitants in the province of Ravenna, Emilia-Romagna, situated southeast of Bologna. Faenza is home to a historical manufacture of majolica-ware glazed ea ...
, Casa Pirota workshop, 1510–1530 (
Walters Art Museum The Walters Art Museum, located in Mount Vernon-Belvedere, Baltimore, Maryland, United States, is a public art museum founded and opened in 1934. It holds collections established during the mid-19th century. The museum's collection was amassed ...
) File:Albarello.JPG, An albarello (drug jar) from Venice or Castel Durante, 16th century. Approx 30 cm high. Decorated in cobalt blue, copper green, antimony yellow and yellow ochre. Burrell Collection File:Baldassare Manara - Dish with Lion Hunt - Walters 481499.jpg, Faenza, ''istoriato'' ware by Baldassare Manara, after
Giovanni Antonio da Brescia Giovanni Antonio da Brescia was an Italian engraver of northern Italy, active in the approximate period 1490–1519, during the Italian Renaissance. In his early career he used the initials "Z.A." to sign some twenty engravings, and until recent ...
, 1520–1547 (
Walters Art Museum The Walters Art Museum, located in Mount Vernon-Belvedere, Baltimore, Maryland, United States, is a public art museum founded and opened in 1934. It holds collections established during the mid-19th century. The museum's collection was amassed ...
) File:C.sf., urbino, francesco xanto avelli, piatto con inondazione del tevere, 1531.JPG, ''The Tiber in Flood'', Francesco Xanto Avelli, Maiolica dish, 1531 File:Maiolica dish, c. 1537 at Waddesdon Manor.jpg, Maiolica dish, 1537 at Waddesdon Manor File:Ceramica Coppellotti grande piatto decoro alla frutta.jpg, Ceramic dish from Lodi, Italy, with fruit decoration, Coppellotti factory, 1740 circa File:Lodi 1751 14450.jpg, Polychrome majolica dish with paintings of a fish, flowers and fruit.
Lodi, Italy Lodi ( , ; Ludesan: ) is a city and '' comune'' in Lombardy, northern Italy, primarily on the western bank of the River Adda. It is the capital of the province of Lodi. History Lodi was a Celtic village; in Roman times it was called, in ...
, 1751. File:Maiolica stand, Lodi, Italy, Coppellotti factory, 18th century.jpg, Maiolica stand produced in Lodi, Italy, Coppellotti factory, 18th century


See also

* Majolica *
Francesco Xanto Avelli Francesco Xanto Avelli (Rovigo, c. 1487? – c. 1542?)These dates are put forth in the biography provided by the J. Paul Getty Museum; they appear, however, to be highly conjectural. was an Italian ceramicist. He is best known for his p ...
* Manises *
Nicola da Urbino Nicola da Urbino (ca. 1480 – 1540/1547) formerly confused with Nicola Pellipario has traditionally been designated as the Italian ceramicist from Castel Durante in Marche who introduced into painted maiolica the new ''istoriato'' style, ...
* Nove Ware * Royal Factory of La Moncloa (Spain) * Talavera de la Reina pottery (Spain) * Talavera, Mexican maiolica * Tin-glazed pottery * Victorian majolica *
Lodi ceramics Lodi ceramics were produced in Lodi, Italy from ancient times, but their artistic quality reached its peak in the 18th century. History From the origins to the 17th century The production of ceramic in the Lodi region has ancient origins. F ...


References


Bibliography

* Caiger-Smith, Alan, ''Tin-Glaze Pottery in Europe and the Islamic World: The Tradition of 1000 Years in Maiolica, Faience and Delftware'' (Faber and Faber, 1973) *Cohen, David Harris and Hess, Catherine, ''A Guide To Looking At Italian Ceramics'' (J. Paul Getty Museum in association with British Museum Press, 1993) *Cora, Galeazzo ''Storia della Maiolica di Firenze e del Contado. Secoli XIV e XV'' (Florence:Sassoni) 1973. The standard monograph on the main early centers, published in an extravagant format that now brings over $1200 on the book market. * ''Faenza''. Journal published since 1914 devoted to maiolica and glazed earthenwares. *Filipponi, Fernando, ''Aurelio Anselmo Grue: la maiolica nel Settecento fra Castelli e Atri'', Castelli, Verdone Editore, 2015, . *Filipponi, Fernando, ''Souvenir d'Arcadia. Ispirazione letteraria, classicismo e nuovi modelli per le arti decorative alla corte di Clemente XI'', Torino, Allemandi, 2020, . *Honey, W.B., ''European Ceramic Art'' (Faber and Faber, 1952) *Liverani, G. ''La maiolica Italiana sino alla comparsa della Porcellana Europea'' A summary of a century's study, largewly based on surviving examples. *Mussachio, Jacqueline, ''Marvels of Maiolica: Italian Renaissance Ceramics from the Corcoran Gallery of Art'' (Bunker Hill Publishing, 2004) *Osterman, Matthias, ''The New Maiolica: Contemporary Approaces to Colour and Technique'' (A&C Black/University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999) *Rackham, Bernard. ''Italian Maiolica'' (London: Faber and Faber Monographs) *Solon, Marc L., ''A history and description of Italian majolica'' (Cassell and Company Limited, London, 1907) *Wilson, Timothy, "''Ceramic Art of the Italian Renaissance'' (London) 1987. Bibliography. *---, ''Maiolica: Italian Renaissance Ceramics in the Ashmolean Museum'' (Ashmolean Handbooks, 1989) * *


External links


Maiolica dish, From Deruta, Umbria, Italy, around AD 1490–1525, British Museum
The maiolica collection includes Italian Renaissance and Moorish pieces
Maiolica exhibition at Waddesdon Manor
{{Authority control Italian pottery Types of pottery decoration Renaissance art Italian inventions