Macrocarpaea apparata

The genus ''Macrocarpaea'', with 105 species and two hybrids of 0.5 m herbs, shrubs, epiphytes and small trees to 10 m tall, is the largest genus of the tribe Helieae of the gentian family (Gentianaceae). Species of ''Macrocarpaea'' have diurnal and nocturnal pollinators, visited during the day by hummingbirds, insects and butterflies, and at night by bats, moths and many different kinds of insects. The common name for the genus is 'Moon-gentian'. No species are known in cultivation.

Characteristics

Species of this genus have white, cream, yellow to green flowers. Most have a large, open campanulate to funnel-form corolla adapted to nocturnal bat pollination. This genus is one of the few of the gentian family that have species with hairs on their leaves.

Distribution

''Macrocarpaea'' has a relatively broad distribution in mountainous regions of the Neotropics. The Neotropics comprise the tropical parts of the New World in Mesoamerica and South America. The gentian tribe Helieae, to which ''Macrocarpaea'' belongs is restricted to the Neotropics. The overall distribution pattern of ''Macrocarpaea'' is typical of many Neotropical taxa. The genus is basically found in five major geographic regions: the Andes anging from Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, to Bolivia(85 species), southern Mesoamerica osta Rica and Panama(6 species), the Greater Antilles of the Caribbean uba, Dominican Republic, Jamaica(3 species), the Pantepui of the Guayana Shield enezuela, and adjacent regions in Brazil and Guyana(6 species), and southeastern Brazil (5 species).

Highlighted species

''Macrocarpaea dies-viridis'' "Named for the American punk rock music group Green Day, whose music we listened to, especially while driving to localities throughout Ecuador during out 2006 expedition". Published in Harvard Papers in Botany 11(2): 132. 2007. The common name for the plant is "the Green Day moon-gentian".

''Macrocarpaea apparata'' Named for the verb to apparate, made popular in the book Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets by J.K. Rowling (1998)
"When we first found this new species, we could only find sterile individuals. After looking all afternoon, and only just before dusk, we finally found several flowering plants that seem to have 'apparated' in front of us, appearing out of nowhere." Published in Harvard Papers in Botany 8(1): 66. 2003. The common name is the "Apparating moon-gentian". See photos to the right.

''Macrocarpaea pringleana'' Named to honour Dr. James Pringle, Plant Taxonomist at Canada's Royal Botanical Gardens in Hamilton and Burlington, Ontario. Dr. Pringle has contributed extensively over a very long and distinguished career to both the systematics of the Gentian family and to floras of South America. Published in Harvard Papers in Botany 9(1): 11-49.

Species

*'' Macrocarpaea affinis'' Ewan
*'' Macrocarpaea angelliae'' J.R. Grant & Struwe
*'' Macrocarpaea angustifolia'' J.S. Pringle
*'' Macrocarpaea apparata'' J.R. Grant & Struwe
*'' Macrocarpaea arborescens'' Gilg
*'' Macrocarpaea auriculata'' Weaver & J.R. Grant
*'' Macrocarpaea autanae'' Weaver
*'' Macrocarpaea ayangannae'' J.R. Grant, Struwe & Boggan
*'' Macrocarpaea bangiana'' Gilg
*'' Macrocarpaea berryi'' J.R. Grant
*'' Macrocarpaea betancuriana'' J.R. Grant
*'' Macrocarpaea biremis'' J.R. Grant
*'' Macrocarpaea bracteata'' Ewan
*'' Macrocarpaea browallioides'' (Ewan) A. Robyns & Nilsson
*'' Macrocarpaea bubops'' J.R. Grant & Struwe
*'' Macrocarpaea callejasii'' J.R. Grant
*'' Macrocarpaea calophylla'' Gilg
*'' Macrocarpaea canoëfolia'' J.R. Grant
*'' Macrocarpaea chthonotropa'' J.R. Grant
*'' Macrocarpaea cinchonifolia'' (Gilg) Weaver
*'' Macrocarpaea claireae'' J.R. Grant
*'' Macrocarpaea cochabambensis'' Gilg-Ben.
*'' Macrocarpaea densiflora'' (Benth) Ewan
*'' Macrocarpaea dillonii'' J.R. Grant
*'' Macrocarpaea dies-viridis'' J.R. Grant
*'' Macrocarpaea domingensis'' Urb. & Ekman
*'' Macrocarpaea duquei'' Gilg-Ben.
*'' Macrocarpaea elix'' J.R. Grant
*'' Macrocarpaea ericii'' J.R. Grant
*'' Macrocarpaea ewaniana'' Weaver & J.R. Grant
*'' Macrocarpaea fortisiana'' J.R. Grant
*'' Macrocarpaea gattaca'' J.R. Grant
*'' Macrocarpaea gaudialis'' J.R. Grant
*'' Macrocarpaea glabra'' (L.f.) Gilg
*'' Macrocarpaea glaziovii'' Gilg
*'' Macrocarpaea gondoloides'' J.R. Grant
*'' Macrocarpaea gracilis'' Weaver & J.R. Grant
*'' Macrocarpaea gran-pajatena'' J.R. Grant
*'' Macrocarpaea gravabilis'' J.R. Grant
*'' Macrocarpaea gulosa'' J.R. Grant
*'' Macrocarpaea harlingii'' J.S. Pringle
*'' Macrocarpaea hilarula'' J.R. Grant
*'' Macrocarpaea illecebrosa'' J.R. Grant
*'' Macrocarpaea innarrabilis'' J.R. Grant
*'' Macrocarpaea jactans'' J.R. Grant
*'' Macrocarpaea jalca'' J.R. Grant
*'' Macrocarpaea jensii'' J.R. Grant & Struwe
*'' Macrocarpaea jocularis'' J.R. Grant
*'' Macrocarpaea kayakifolia'' J.R. Grant
*'' Macrocarpaea kuelap'' J.R. Grant
*'' Macrocarpaea kuepferiana'' J.R. Grant
*'' Macrocarpaea lacrossiformis'' J.R. Grant
*'' Macrocarpaea laudabilis'' J.R. Grant
*'' Macrocarpaea lenae'' J.R. Grant
*'' Macrocarpaea loranthoides'' (Griseb.) Maas
*'' Macrocarpaea luctans'' J.R. Grant
*'' Macrocarpaea lucubrans'' J.R. Grant
*'' Macrocarpaea luna-gentiana'' J.R. Grant & Struwe
*'' Macrocarpaea luteynii'' J.R. Grant & Struwe
*'' Macrocarpaea luya'' J.R. Grant
*'' Macrocarpaea macrophylla'' (Kunth) Gilg
*'' Macrocarpaea maguirei'' Weaver & J.R. Grant
*'' Macrocarpaea marahuacae'' Struwe & V.A. Albert
*'' Macrocarpaea maryae'' J.R. Grant
*'' Macrocarpaea micrantha'' Gilg
*'' Macrocarpaea neblinae'' Maguire & Steyermark
*'' Macrocarpaea neillii'' J.R. Grant
*'' Macrocarpaea nicotianifolia'' Weaver & J.R. Grant
*'' Macrocarpaea noctiluca'' J.R. Grant & Struwe
*'' Macrocarpaea normae'' J.R. Grant
*'' Macrocarpaea obnubilata'' J.R. Grant
*'' Macrocarpaea obtusifolia'' (Griseb.) Gilg
*'' Macrocarpaea opulenta'' J.R. Grant
*'' Macrocarpaea ostentans'' J.R. Grant
*'' Macrocarpaea pachyphylla'' Gilg
*'' Macrocarpaea pachystyla'' Gilg
*'' Macrocarpaea pajonalis'' J.R. Grant
*'' Macrocarpaea papillosa'' Weaver & J.R. Grant
*'' Macrocarpaea pinetorum'' Alain
*'' Macrocarpaea piresii'' Maguire
*'' Macrocarpaea pringleana'' J.R. Grant
*'' Macrocarpaea quechua'' J.R. Grant
*'' Macrocarpaea quizhpei'' J.R. Grant
*'' Macrocarpaea revoluta'' (Ruiz & Pavon) Gilg
*'' Macrocarpaea robin-fosteri'' J.R. Grant
*'' Macrocarpaea rubra'' Malme
*'' Macrocarpaea rugosa'' Steyerm.
*'' Macrocarpaea schultesii'' Weaver & J.R. Grant
*'' Macrocarpaea silverstonei'' J.R. Grant
*'' Macrocarpaea sodiroana'' Gilg
*'' Macrocarpaea stenophylla'' Gilg
*'' Macrocarpaea subcaudata'' Ewan
*'' Macrocarpaea subsessilis'' Weaver & J.R. Grant
*'' Macrocarpaea tabula-fluctivagifolia'' J.R. Grant
*'' Macrocarpaea tahuantinsuyuana'' J.R. Grant
*'' Macrocarpaea thamnoides'' (Griseb.) Gilg
*'' Macrocarpaea umerulus'' J.R. Grant
*'' Macrocarpaea valerii'' Standl.
*'' Macrocarpaea viscosa'' (Ruiz & Pavon) Gilg
*'' Macrocarpaea voluptuosa'' J.R. Grant
*'' Macrocarpaea wallnoeferi'' J.R. Grant
*'' Macrocarpaea weaveri'' J.R. Grant
*'' Macrocarpaea weigendiorum'' J.R. Grant
*'' Macrocarpaea wurdackii'' Weaver & J.R. Grant
*'' Macrocarpaea xerantifulva'' J.R. Grant
*'' Macrocarpaea ypsilocaule'' J.R. Grant
*'' Macrocarpaea zophoflora'' Weaver & J.R. Grant

Catalogue of hybrids

*'' Macrocarpaea x acuminata'' J.R. Grant ''( M. subcaudata x M. valerii)''
*'' Macrocarpaea x mattii'' J.R. Grant ''( M. noctiluca x M. subsessilis)''

References

* Carlquist, S. 1984. ''Wood anatomy of some Gentianaceae: Systematic and Ecological Conclusions''. Aliso 10(4): 573-582.
* Carlquist and J.R. Grant. 2005. ''Wood anatomy of Gentianaceae, tribe Helieae: Diversification in relation to ecology, habit, and systematics; the effect of sample diameter''. Brittonia 57(3): 276-291.
* Ewan, J.
** 1948. ''A revision of 'Macrocarpaea', a neotropical genus of shrubby gentians''. Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 29: 209-250.
** 1950. ''New records of neotropical Gentianaceae''. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 63: 163-166.
** 1951. ''New records of neotropical Gentianaceae-II''. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 64: 131-134.
* Gilg, E. 1895. Gentianaceae. Pg 50–108 of A. Engler and K. Prantl, Eds., ''Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien''. Vol. 4(2). Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig.
*Grant, J.R.
** 2003. ''De Macrocarpaeae Grisebach (ex Gentianaceis) speciebus novis II: Typification of the Ruiz & Pavon names''. Harvard Papers in Botany 7(2): 423-436.
** 2004. ''De Macrocarpaeae Grisebach (ex Gentianaceis) speciebus novis V: Twenty-three new species largely from Peru, and typification of all species in the genus''. Harvard Papers in Botany 9(1): 11-49.
** 2005a. ''De Macrocarpaeae Grisebach (ex Gentianaceis) speciebus novis VI: seed morphology, palynology, an infrageneric classification, and another twenty-three new species, largely from Colombia''. Harvard Papers in Botany 9(2): 305-342.
** 2005b. ''Seed and pollen morphology of the Neotropical moon-gentians'' (Macrocarpaea: Gentianaceae). P1148. XVII International Botanical Congress, Vienna, Austria. 17–23 July 2005. Abstracts. P. 420. Robidruck, Vienna.
** 2007. ''De Macrocarpaeae Grisebach (ex Gentianaceis) speciebus novis VII: four new species and two natural hybrids''. Harvard Papers in Botany 11(2): 129-139.
** 2008. ''De Macrocarpaeae Grisebach (ex Gentianaceis) speciebus novis VIII: two new species from Ecuador''. Harvard Papers in Botany 13(2): 253-259.
* Grant, J.R. and L. Struwe.
** 2000. ''Morphological evolution and neotropical biogeography in 'Macrocarpaea (Gentianaceae: Helieae). American Journal of Botany 87 (suppl.): 131.
** 2001. ''De Macrocarpaeae Grisebach (ex Gentianaceis) speciebus novis I: An introduction to the genus 'Macrocarpaea' and three new species from Colombia, Ecuador, and Guyana''. Harvard Papers in Botany 5: 489-498.
** 2003. ''De Macrocarpaeae Grisebach (ex Gentianaceis) speciebus novis III: Six new species of moon-gentians'' (Macrocarpaea, Gentianaceae: Helieae) from Parque Nacional Podocarpus, Ecuador. Harvard Papers in Botany 8(1): 61-81.
* Grant, J.R. and R.E. Weaver. 2003. ''De Macrocarpaeae Grisebach (ex Gentianaceis) speciebus novis IV: Twelve new species of 'Macrocarpaea' (Gentianaceae: Helieae) from Central and South America, and the first report of the presence of a stipule in the family''. Harvard Papers in Botany 8(1): 83-109.
* Grisebach, A. H. R. 1839 838 ''Genera et Species Gentianarum''. Stuttgart.
* Nilsson, S. 1968. ''Pollen morphology in the genus 'Macrocarpaea' (Gentianaceae) and its taxonomical significance''. Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 62: 338-364.
* Struwe, L., and V. A. Albert. Eds. 2002. ''Gentianaceae: Systematics and Natural History''. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
* Thiv, M., and J. R. Grant. 2002. 'Macrocarpaea' (Gentianaceae) in: ''Flora de la República de Cuba'', Fasc. 6(1): 23-26.
* Weaver, R. E.
** 1969. ''Cytotaxonomic notes on some neotropical Gentianaceae''. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 56: 439-443.
** 1972b. ''The genus 'Macrocarpaea' in Costa Rica''. J. Arnold Arb. 53: 553-557.
** 1974. ''The reduction of 'Rusbyanthus' and the tribe Rusbyantheae (Gentianaceae)''. J. Arnold Arb. 55: 300-302.
* Weaver, R. E., and L. Rüdenberg. 1975. ''Cytotaxonomic notes on some Gentianaceae''. J. Arnold Arb. 56(2): 211-222.

External links

Jason Grant
at Université de Neuchâtel

Lena Struwe's homepage

{{Taxonbar, from=Q1419792

Gentianaceae genera