Mẫu Thượng Thiên (

Chữ Hán Chữ Hán (𡨸漢, literally "Chinese characters", ), Chữ Nho (𡨸儒, literally "Confucian characters", ) or Hán tự (漢字, ), is the Vietnamese term for Chinese characters, used to write Văn ngôn (which is a form of Classical Chinese ...

: 母上天) or Mẫu Đệ Nhất (母第一) is one of the four heavenly mothers in the

Four Palaces Four Palaces ( Tiếng Việt: ; Chữ Hán: ) is a major denomination of the Mother Goddess religion, an indigenous polytheistic religion in Vietnam. This branch is popular in the North of Vietnam and has a profound association with the worship ...

Vietnamese folk religion Vietnamese folk religion ( vi, tín ngưỡng dân gian Việt Nam, sometimes just called , Chữ Hán: ) is the ethnic religion of the Vietnamese people. About 86% of the population in Vietnam are associated with this religion. Vietnamese f ...

.Hy V. Luong ''Tradition, Revolution, and Market Economy in a North Vietnamese Village'' 2010 Page 307 "In

Sơn Dương ''Toxicodendron succedaneum'', the wax tree, Japanese Hazenoki tree (Sumac or wax tree), sơn in Vietnam or charão in Portuguese, is a flowering plant species in the genus ''Toxicodendron'' found in Asia, although it has been planted elsewhere, ...

, many of the non-Buddhist deities — mẫu thượng thiên (goddess of the upper sky), mẫu thượng ngàn (goddess of the highlands), mẫu Thoải (goddess of water), Hắc hổ (black tigers), etc.—were worshipped in the house for ..." She is one of the spirits invoked in the form of

lên đồng Lên đồng (, votive dance, "to mount the medium", or "going into trance") is a ritual practiced in Vietnamese folk religion, in which followers become spirit mediums for various kinds of spirits. There is a common confusion between "lên ...

mediumship particularly associated with

Đạo Mẫu Đạo Mẫu (, ) is the worship of mother goddesses which was established in Vietnam in the 16th century. While scholars like Ngô Đức Thịnh propose that it represents a systematic worship of mother goddesses, Đạo Mẫu draws together f ...

worship. The following characters are often considered as the Mẫu Thượng Thiên or the Mẫu Đệ Nhất: * Thanh Vân Princess ( Mẫu Cửu Trùng Thiên) * Tây Thiên Quốc Mẫu Lăng Thị Tiêu (Mẫu Tây Thiên, Chúa Tây Thiên) *

Liễu Hạnh Princess Liễu Hạnh ( vi, Liễu Hạnh Công chúa, chữ Hán: 柳杏公主) is one of The Four Immortals in Vietnamese folk religion, and also a leading figure in the mother goddess cult Đạo Mẫu, in which she governs the celestial re ...

Princess (Mẫu Liễu Hạnh, Bà Chúa Liễu) * Mẫu

Thiên Y A Na :''See also Lady Po Nagar'' Thiên Y A Na ( Chữ Hán: 天依阿那) is a Vietnamese goddess. She is worshipped in the Vietnamese folk religion and Đạo Mẫu, the mother goddess religion. She is also known as Lady Po Nagar, the Cham deity from ...

(Thiên Hậu Thánh Mẫu, Bà Chúa Ngọc)

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mau Thuong Thien Vietnamese folk religion Vietnamese goddesses Vietnamese deities Vietnamese gods