Mycology

Mycology is the branch of biology concerned with the study of fungi, including their genetic and biochemical properties, their taxonomy and their use to humans, including as a source for tinder, traditional medicine, food, and entheogens, as well as their dangers, such as toxicity or infection.

A biologist specializing in mycology is called a mycologist.

Mycology branches into the field of phytopathology, the study of plant diseases, and the two disciplines remain closely related because the vast majority of plant pathogens are fungi.

Overview

Historically, mycology was a branch of botany because, although fungi are evolutionarily more closely related to animals than to plants, this was not recognized until a few decades ago. Pioneer mycologists included Elias Magnus Fries, Christian Hendrik Persoon, Anton de Bary, Elizabeth Eaton Morse, and Lewis David von Schweinitz. Beatrix Potter, author of ''The Tale of Peter Rabbit'', also made significant contributions to the field.

Pier Andrea Saccardo developed a system for classifying the imperfect fungi by spore color and form, which became the primary system used before classification by DNA analysis. He is most famous for his Sylloge, which was a comprehensive list of all of the names that had been used for mushrooms.  Sylloge is still the only work of this kind that was both comprehensive for the botanical kingdom Fungi and reasonably modern.

Many fungi produce toxins, antibiotics, and other secondary metabolites. For example, the cosmopolitan (worldwide) genus ''Fusarium'' and their toxins associated with fatal outbreaks of alimentary toxic aleukia in humans were extensively studied by Abraham Joffe.E.g.

Fungi are fundamental for life on earth in their roles as symbionts, e.g. in the form of mycorrhizae, insect symbionts, and lichens. Many fungi are able to break down complex organic biomolecules such as lignin, the more durable component of wood, and pollutants such as xenobiotics, petroleum, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. By decomposing these molecules, fungi play a critical role in the global carbon cycle.

Fungi and other organisms traditionally recognized as fungi, such as oomycetes and myxomycetes (slime molds), often are economically and socially important, as some cause diseases of animals (including humans) and of plants.

Apart from pathogenic fungi, many fungal species are very important in controlling the plant diseases caused by different pathogens. For example, species of the filamentous fungal genus ''Trichoderma'' are considered one of the most important biological control agents as an alternative to chemical-based products for effective crop diseases management.

Field meetings to find interesting species of fungi are known as 'forays', after the first such meeting organized by the Woolhope Naturalists' Field Club in 1868 and entitled "A foray among the funguses".

Some fungi can cause disease in humans and other animals - The study of pathogenic fungi that infect animals is referred to as medical mycology.

History

It is believed that humans started collecting mushrooms as food in prehistoric times. Mushrooms were first written about in the works of Euripides (480-406 BC). The Greek philosopher Theophrastos of Eresos (371-288 BC) was perhaps the first to try to systematically classify plants; mushrooms were considered to be plants missing certain organs. It was later Pliny the Elder (23–79 AD), who wrote about truffles in his encyclopedia ''Naturalis historia''. The word ''mycology'' comes from the Ancient Greek: μύκης (''mukēs''), meaning "fungus" and the suffix (''-logia''), meaning "study".

The Middle Ages saw little advancement in the body of knowledge about fungi. However, the invention of the printing press allowed authors to dispel superstitions and misconceptions about the fungi that had been perpetuated by the classical authors.

The start of the modern age of mycology begins with Pier Antonio Micheli's 1737 publication of ''Nova plantarum genera''. Published in Florence, this seminal work laid the foundations for the systematic classification of grasses, mosses and fungi. He originated the still current genus names ''Polyporus'' and ''Tuber'', both dated 1729 (though the descriptions were later amended as invalid by modern rules).

The founding nomenclaturist Carl Linnaeus included fungi in his binomial naming system in 1753, where each type of organism has a two-word name consisting of a genus and species (whereas up to then organisms were often designated with Latin phrases containing many words). He originated the scientific names of numerous well-known mushroom taxa, such as ''Boletus'' and ''Agaricus'', which are still in use today. During this period, fungi were still considered to belong to the plant kingdom, so they were categorized in his ''Species Plantarum''. Linnaeus' fungal taxa were not nearly as comprehensive as his plant taxa, however, grouping together all gilled mushrooms with a stem in genus ''Agaricus''. Thousands of gilled species exist, which were later divided into dozens of diverse genera; in its modern usage, ''Agaricus'' only refers to mushrooms closely related to the common shop mushroom, ''Agaricus bisporus''. For example, Linnaeus gave the name ''Agaricus deliciosus'' to the saffron milk-cap, but its current name is ''Lactarius deliciosus''. On the other hand, the field mushroom ''Agaricus campestris'' has kept the same name ever since Linnaeus's publication. The English word "agaric" is still used for any gilled mushroom, which corresponds to Linnaeus's use of the word.

The term ''mycology'' and the complementary term ''mycologist'' are traditionally attributed to M.J. Berkeley in 1836. However, ''mycologist'' appeared in writings by English botanist Robert Kaye Greville as early as 1823 in reference to Schweinitz.

Mycology and drug discovery

For centuries, certain mushrooms have been documented as a folk medicine in China, Japan, and Russia. Although the use of mushrooms in folk medicine is centered largely on the Asian continent, people in other parts of the world like the Middle East, Poland, and Belarus have been documented using mushrooms for medicinal purposes.

Mushrooms produce large amounts of vitamin D when exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light. Penicillin, ciclosporin, griseofulvin, cephalosporin and psilocybin are examples of drugs that have been isolated from molds or other fungi.

See also

* Ethnomycology
* Glossary of mycology
* Fungal biochemical test
* List of mycologists
* List of mycology journals
* Marine fungi
* Mushroom hunting
* Mycotoxicology
* Pathogenic fungi
* Protistology

References

Cited literature

*

External links

*Professional organizations
**BMS
British Mycological Society
(United Kingdom)
** MSA
Mycological Society of America
(North America)
*Amateur organizations
** MSSF
Mycological Society of San Francisco


(list of amateur organizations in North America)

Puget Sound Mycological Society

Oregon Mycological Society
** IMAbr>Illinois Mycological Association
*Miscellaneous links

Online lectures in mycology
University of South Carolina

The WWW Virtual Library: Mycology





FUNGI Magazine
for professionals and amateurs - largest circulating U.S. publication concerning all things mycological]

Fungal Cell Biology Group
at University of Edinburgh, UK.

Mycological Marvels
Cornell University, Mann Library

{{Authority control

Mycology,
Branches of biology