:''See also
Muwatalli I''
Muwatalli II (also Muwatallis, or Muwatallish) was a king of the New Kingdom of the
Hittite empire
The Hittites () were an Anatolian people who played an important role in establishing first a kingdom in Kussara (before 1750 BC), then the Kanesh or Nesha kingdom (c. 1750–1650 BC), and next an empire centered on Hattusa in north-cent ...
c. 1295–1282 (
middle chronology)
and 1295–1272 BC in the
short chronology
The chronology of the ancient Near East is a framework of dates for various events, rulers and dynasties. Historical inscriptions and texts customarily record events in terms of a succession of officials or rulers: "in the year X of king Y". Com ...
.
Biography
He was the eldest son of
Mursili II and Queen
Gassulawiya, and he had several siblings.
He is best known for relocating the Hittite capital to
Tarhuntassa, appointing his brother
Hattusili Ḫattušili (''Ḫattušiliš'' in the inflected nominative case) was the regnal name of three Hittite kings:
* Ḫattušili I (Labarna II)
*Ḫattušili II
*Ḫattušili III
It was also the name of two Neo-Hittite kings:
* Ḫattušili I (Labarn ...
as governor in
Hattusa
Hattusa (also Ḫattuša or Hattusas ; Hittite: URU''Ḫa-at-tu-ša'',Turkish: Hattuşaş , Hattic: Hattush) was the capital of the Hittite Empire in the late Bronze Age. Its ruins lie near modern Boğazkale, Turkey, within the great loop of t ...
, and fighting
Ramesses II
Ramesses II ( egy, rꜥ-ms-sw ''Rīʿa-məsī-sū'', , meaning "Ra is the one who bore him"; ), commonly known as Ramesses the Great, was the third pharaoh of the Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt. Along with Thutmose III he is often regarded a ...
in the
Battle of Kadesh
The Battle of Kadesh or Battle of Qadesh took place between the forces of the New Kingdom of Egypt under Ramesses II and the Hittite Empire under Muwatalli II at the city of Kadesh on the Orontes River, just upstream of Lake Homs near the ...
.
A copy of a treaty has been recovered between him and
Alaksandu, ruler of
Wilusa (
Troy
Troy ( el, Τροία and Latin: Troia, Hittite: 𒋫𒊒𒄿𒊭 ''Truwiša'') or Ilion ( el, Ίλιον and Latin: Ilium, Hittite: 𒃾𒇻𒊭 ''Wiluša'') was an ancient city located at Hisarlik in present-day Turkey, south-west of Çan ...
), one of the
Arzawa lands.
Egyptologists suspect that some time prior to Ramesses II's accession to the Egyptian throne, Muwattalli had reached an informal peace treaty or understanding with
Seti I
Menmaatre Seti I (or Sethos I in Greek) was the second pharaoh of the Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt during the New Kingdom period, ruling c.1294 or 1290 BC to 1279 BC. He was the son of Ramesses I and Sitre, and the father of Ramesses II.
The ...
over
Kadesh to avoid a clash between the two powers over control of Syria. In it, Seti effectively ceded Kadesh to the Hittite king in order to focus on domestic issues in Egypt.
Muwatalli had a wife named Tanu-Ḫepa and at least two children. One was Urhi-Teshup, who became king as
Mursili III until his uncle Hattusili III deposed him. Another was
Kurunta who became the vassal ruler of
Tarhuntassa during the reign of Hattusili III. Another person named Ulmi-Teshup is suggested to be a third son of Muwatalli II, but it is quite likely that Ulmi-Teshup and Kurunta are the same person.
Tudhaliya IV and Egyptian Queen
Maathorneferure were the nephew and niece of Muwatalli.
Muwatalli's namesake,
Muwatalli I, was a pre-Empire king of the early 14th century, the predecessor of
Tudhaliya I.
Move to Tarhuntassa
At the start of Muwatalli II's reign the capital of Hatti was Hattusa, located in the northern region of Anatolia. Not long after he came into power, he made the decision to move the capital to a new location, which he named
Tarhuntassa. There is no documentation stating the reason why the capital was moved, but scholars, based on later texts written by his brother
Hattusili III and the campaigns Muwatalli II fought, have come up with two possible reasons.
The first theory is that Muwatlli II moved the capital because of the border skirmishes between the Hittites and the
Kaska, and later the rebellion by
Piyamaradu. These disputes were on the northern border, and the capital of Hattusa is located near the northern border. After stabilizing the northern border, he moved the capital farther south, to the new location of Tarhuntassa. This new location was not only farther away from the troublesome northern border, but it was also strategically better for the upcoming fight against Egypt over Syria.
[Bryce, Trevor. ''The Kingdom of the Hittites.'' New ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005 pg. 230-233.]
The second theory of why Muwatalli II moved his capital south is for religious reasons.
Itamar Singer, in his essay “The Failed Reforms of
Akhenaten
Akhenaten (pronounced ), also spelled Echnaton, Akhenaton, ( egy, ꜣḫ-n-jtn ''ʾŪḫə-nə-yātəy'', , meaning "Effective for the Aten"), was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh reigning or 1351–1334 BC, the tenth ruler of the Eighteenth ...
and Muwatalli” states that the reason for the move had deeper roots in a religious reform, although he does acknowledge the political advantages of the move. The main evidence for this is how the depiction of the Storm God on his royal seals changes significantly after the expulsion of
Danuhepa. Muwatalli II introduces a new motif for seals that is followed by all the Hittite kings that rule after him: the ''Umarmungsszene'' (German) (the protective embrace of the deity). This style is identifiable because it shows the king being embraced by one (or more) gods. In Muwatalli II's seals, he is being embraced by the Storm God of Lightning (
Pihassassa) instead of the traditional
Storm God of Heaven (Teshub).
Sirkeli relief
The relief of Muwatalli II is located near
Sirkeli Höyük, which is one of the largest settlement mounds in Plain Cilicia. The settlement is situated on the left bank of the Ceyhan River, known in ancient times as Puruna or
Pyramos.
The inscription of the king mentions also the name of his father Mursili II: “Muwattalli, Great King, the Hero, son of
Mursili, Great King, the Hero”. He wears a long robe and, in his left hand, he holds the ''kalmus'' (
lituus). The appearance of King Muwattalli is consistent with the way the
Sun God of Heaven (''Nepisas Istanu'', or ''Simige'') was portrayed in Hittite iconography; so this indicates deification.
A second, very similar relief is a few meters away, but it was partially destroyed in antiquity. The nature of the damage indicates a deliberate destruction, so that the name of this figure could not be read.
This figure is probably
Urḫi-Teššup
Mursili III, also known as Urhi-Teshub, was a king of the Hittites who assumed the throne of the Hittite empire (New Kingdom) at Tarhuntassa upon his father's death. He was a cousin of Tudhaliya IV and Queen Maathorneferure. He ruled ca. 1282–1 ...
, whose throne name was Muršili (III). He became the king of Hatti after the death of his father Muwatalli II, but was overthrown 7 years later by his uncle
Hattušili III Ḫattušili (''Ḫattušiliš'' in the inflected nominative case) was the regnal name of three Hittite kings:
* Ḫattušili I (Labarna II)
*Ḫattušili II
*Ḫattušili III
It was also the name of two Neo-Hittite kings:
* Ḫattušili I (Labarn ...
.
These reliefs were probably directly visible to the people entering the ancient town, and dominated the landscape. But because the course of the river kept changing over the centuries, currently the reliefs are not so easily visible to visitors.
During the Hittite period, Sirkeli Höyük may have been the cult town of
Kummanni.
Battle of Kadesh
Overview
Muwatalli II is best known as the Hittite ruler who fought
Ramesses II
Ramesses II ( egy, rꜥ-ms-sw ''Rīʿa-məsī-sū'', , meaning "Ra is the one who bore him"; ), commonly known as Ramesses the Great, was the third pharaoh of the Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt. Along with Thutmose III he is often regarded a ...
to a standstill at the
Battle of Kadesh
The Battle of Kadesh or Battle of Qadesh took place between the forces of the New Kingdom of Egypt under Ramesses II and the Hittite Empire under Muwatalli II at the city of Kadesh on the Orontes River, just upstream of Lake Homs near the ...
. Among his allies was Talmi-Sharruma, grandson of
Suppiluliumas I, who was the king of
Aleppo.
Although both sides claimed victory in this war, scholars generally believe that the battle ended badly for both sides, especially Ramesses II. This is because both sides suffered heavy losses and their military strength was reduced.
What makes this battle unique is not how it ended, but that out of all the battles that Ramses II fought during his reign, he gave special attention to this battle. This is evident by the fact that he produced two official versions of the battle: the Literary Record, sometimes referred to as the Poem, and the Pictorial Record, which includes the Bulletin, a short record of the battle and carved images. These two depictions of the battle are found inscribed in five different Egyptian temples, including the
Ramesseum.
[Miriam Lichtheim, ''Ancient Egyptian Literature: The New Kingdom,'' (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006), 43] The second thing that makes this battle noteworthy is the tactics that Muwatalli II used against the Egyptian Army.
The general outline of the battle is this: Muwatlli II gathered his troops in northern Syria and sent out scouts and spies to ascertain the location of Ramesses II army. The spies reached Ramesses II and the division of Amun, when he was first approaching Kadesh. The spies, pretending to be deserters, gained the ear of Ramses II. They used this to convince him that the Hittite army was over hundred miles away in Aleppo.
Sometime later, other Hittite scouts were caught, and Ramesses II discovered the ruse: Muwatalli II was right outside of Kadesh with his forces.
The battle began when the Hittite forces attacked the Egyptian army that was marching towards Kadesh. Ramses II, at his camp in Kadesh, had gone ahead of his other divisions and only had one division of his army with him. While the division to the south of Ramses II was being attacked by one attachment of Hittite charioteers, Muwatalli II had sent a second division of charioteers to attack Ramses II camp. Ramses II forces managed to fend off the Hittite attack and “win” the battle on the following day.
Egyptian account
The two accounts that Ramses II created of the battle depict it as an epic struggle against the Hittite army, where Ramses II shows off his prowess as a brilliant military leader. In the shorter Bulletin, Muwatalli II is frequently described as “the vile Chief of Khatti.”
[Translation of the Battle of Kadesh Egyptian texts taken from: Miriam Lichtheim, ''Ancient Egyptian Literature: The New Kingdom,'' (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006), 44.] Ramses II admits to having heard the false reports of Muwatalli II's whereabouts, but when he discovers where Muwatalli II's forces really are, he claims that “His majesty slaughtered them in their places; they sprawled before his horses; and his majesty was alone, no other was with him.”
In the longer Poem, Ramesses II again calls Muwatalli II the “vile foe of Khatti” but in this version he also depicts Muwatalli II as being afraid of him, saying “the vile Chief of Khattii stood in the midst of the army that was with him and did not come out to fight for fear of his majesty” and “the wretched Chief of Khatti stood among his troops and chariots… stood turning, shrinking, afraid.” The Poem and Bulletin both end with Ramesses II winning a stunning victory over Muwatalli II and the Poem ends with Muwatalli signing a peace treaty with Ramesses II out of fear.
Despite the enthusiastic depiction of the battle by Ramesses II, scholars have concluded that the battle was a disaster for Ramesses II. This is because after the battle, Muwatalli II continued to expand into Syria and the Egyptian expansion was stopped in the area of Palestine.
[Marc Van De Mieroop, ''A History of the Ancient Near East. ca. 3000-323 BC,'' 3rd ed. (West Sussex: Wiley Blackwell, 2016), 169.]
See also
*
History of the Hittites
Notes
External links
Reign of Muwatalli IIThe failed reforms of Akhenaten and Muwatalliby
Itamar Singer in British Museum Studies in Ancient Egypt and Sudan (BMSAES) 6(2006), pp. 37–58
{{DEFAULTSORT:Muwatalli Ii
1270s BC deaths
Hittite kings
13th-century BC rulers
Year of birth unknown