The Murutic languages are a family of half a dozen closely related
Austronesian languages, spoken in the northern inland regions of
Borneo
Borneo (; id, Kalimantan) is the third-largest island in the world and the largest in Asia. At the geographic centre of Maritime Southeast Asia, in relation to major Indonesian islands, it is located north of Java, west of Sulawesi, and eas ...
by the
Murut Murut may refer to:
* Murut people
The Murut are an indigenous ethnic group, comprising 29 sub-ethnic groups inhabiting the northern inland regions of Borneo. The Murutic languages are a family of half a dozen closely related Austronesian lan ...
and
Tidung
The Tidung, Tidong ( Jawi: تيدوڠ) are a native group originating from northeastern part of Borneo and surrounding small islands. They live on both sides of the border of Malaysia and Indonesia.
Tidung speak Tidong language, a North Borne ...
.
Languages
The Murutic languages are (Lobel 2013):
*Murut proper
Timugon Murut and
Tagol Murut
*Murut dialects
Keningau Murut, Beaufort Murut (Binta’), Tabalunan/Serudung Murut,
Selungai Murut,
Sembakung Murut,
Okolod,
Bookan, Tanggala Murut,
Paluan
Paluan, officially the Municipality of Paluan ( tgl, Bayan ng Paluan), is a 3rd class municipality in the province of Occidental Mindoro, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 18,566 people.
Geography
The town is loc ...
, Agabag/Tinggalan Murut.
*Tidung language
Burusu,
Kalabakan
Kalabakan is a town and the capital of Kalabakan District, Sabah, Malaysia. It is located in the Tawau Division, and is about 55 kilometres west of the town of Tawau
Tawau (, Jawi: , ), formerly known as Tawao, is the capital of the Tawa ...
,
Nonukan Tidong,
Sesayap Tidong
Tagol Murut is commonly used and understood by a large majority of the Murut peoples.
Lobel (2013:360) also lists the languages Abai Sembuak, Abai Tubu, and Bulusu (all spoken near
Malinau
The town of Malinau is one of the districts of Malinau Regency in North Kalimantan Province of Indonesia and is also the administrative capital of the Regency. The latest official estimate of population (as at mid 2021) was 27,140.Badan Pusat Stat ...
town in
North Kalimantan
North Kalimantan ( id, Kalimantan Utara) is a province of Indonesia. It is located on the northernmost of Kalimantan, the Indonesian part of the island of Borneo. North Kalimantan borders the Malaysian states of Sabah to the north and Sarawak t ...
) as Murutic languages. On the other hand, Abai Sungai, spoken in eastern Sabah, is a Paitanic language.
Lobel (2016)
Lobel (2016) covers the following Greater Murutic languages, including Tidong:
*
Tatana
*
Papar
The Papar (; from Latin ''papa'', via Old Irish, meaning "father" or "pope") were, according to early Icelandic sagas, Irish monks who took eremitic residence in parts of what is now Iceland before that island's habitation by the Norsemen of S ...
*Murut Nabaay
*Gana
*
Murut Timugon
*
Murut Paluan
*
Murut Tagol
*Kolod
*Western Tingalan
*Eastern Tingalan
*Murut Kalabakan
*Abai Sembuak
*Abai Tubu
*
Bulusu
*Tidung Bengawong
*Tidung Sumbol
*
Tidung Kalabakan
*Tidung Mensalong
*Tidung Malinau
Innovations
Lobel (2013:367) lists the following Murutic phonological innovations. (Note: PSWSAB stands for Proto-Southwest Sabahan, while PMP stands for Proto-Malayo-Polynesian.)
*PMP/PSWSAB *R > *h / __ V (except after *ə, where it had already shifted to *g in PSWSAB). Subsequently, Proto-Greater Murutic *h > Ø occurred in all daughter languages except Papar.
*PMP/PSWSAB *R > *g / __ #
*PMP/PSWSAB *aw > *ow; *ay > *oy
*PMP/PSWSAB *iw > *uy
*PGMUR *g- > Ø after the adjectival prefix *ma-
*PMP/PSWSAB *ə > *a in non-final syllables, except in the environment *_Cə, where it is reflected as /o/
References
*Lobel, Jason William. 2013
''Philippine and North Bornean languages: issues in description, subgrouping, and reconstruction'' Ph.D. dissertation. Manoa: University of Hawai'i at Manoa.
*Lobel, Jason William. 2016. ''North Borneo Sourcebook: Vocabularies and Functors''. University of Hawaii Press.
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