Mursili I (also known as Mursilis; sometimes transcribed as Murshili) was a king of the
Hittites
The Hittites () were an Anatolian people who played an important role in establishing first a kingdom in Kussara (before 1750 BC), then the Kanesh or Nesha kingdom (c. 1750–1650 BC), and next an empire centered on Hattusa in north-centra ...
1620-1590 BC, as per the
middle chronology
The chronology of the ancient Near East is a framework of dates for various events, rulers and dynasties. Historical inscriptions and texts customarily record events in terms of a succession of officials or rulers: "in the year X of king Y". Com ...
, the most accepted chronology in our times, (or alternatively c. 1556–1526 BC,
short chronology
The chronology of the ancient Near East is a framework of dates for various events, rulers and dynasties. Historical inscriptions and texts customarily record events in terms of a succession of officials or rulers: "in the year X of king Y". Com ...
), and was likely a grandson of his predecessor,
Hattusili I Ḫattušili (''Ḫattušiliš'' in the inflected nominative case) was the regnal name of three Hittite kings:
* Ḫattušili I (Labarna II)
* Ḫattušili II
* Ḫattušili III
It was also the name of two Neo-Hittite kings:
* Ḫattušili I (Laba ...
. His sister was
Ḫarapšili
Ḫarapšili (or Ḫarapsili, Harapšili; "š" is pronounced as "s" in "sun") was a Hittite queen during the Old Kingdom of Hittites.
Biography
Family
Ḫarapšili was probably a daughter of princess Ḫaštayara and a man called Maratti. Her ...
and his wife was queen Kali.
Mursili came to the throne as a minor. Having reached adulthood, he renewed
Hattusili I Ḫattušili (''Ḫattušiliš'' in the inflected nominative case) was the regnal name of three Hittite kings:
* Ḫattušili I (Labarna II)
* Ḫattušili II
* Ḫattušili III
It was also the name of two Neo-Hittite kings:
* Ḫattušili I (Laba ...
's warfare in northern
Syria
Syria ( ar, سُورِيَا or سُورِيَة, translit=Sūriyā), officially the Syrian Arab Republic ( ar, الجمهورية العربية السورية, al-Jumhūrīyah al-ʻArabīyah as-Sūrīyah), is a Western Asian country loc ...
.
He conquered the kingdom of
Yamhad
Yamhad was an ancient Semitic kingdom centered on Ḥalab (Aleppo), Syria. The kingdom emerged at the end of the 19th century BC, and was ruled by the Yamhadite dynasty kings, who counted on both military and diplomacy to expand their realm. ...
and its capital,
Aleppo
)), is an adjective which means "white-colored mixed with black".
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, which had eluded Hattusili. He then led an unprecedented march of 2,000 km south into the heart of
Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia ''Mesopotamíā''; ar, بِلَاد ٱلرَّافِدَيْن or ; syc, ܐܪܡ ܢܗܪ̈ܝܢ, or , ) is a historical region of Western Asia situated within the Tigris–Euphrates river system, in the northern part of the F ...
, where in 1595 BC he sacked the city of
Babylon
''Bābili(m)''
* sux, 𒆍𒀭𒊏𒆠
* arc, 𐡁𐡁𐡋 ''Bāḇel''
* syc, ܒܒܠ ''Bāḇel''
* grc-gre, Βαβυλών ''Babylṓn''
* he, בָּבֶל ''Bāvel''
* peo, 𐎲𐎠𐎲𐎡𐎽𐎢 ''Bābiru''
* elx, 𒀸𒁀𒉿𒇷 ''Babi ...
. Mursili's motivation for attacking Babylon remains unclear, though William Broad has proposed that the reason was obtaining grain because the clouds from the
Thera eruption
The Minoan eruption was a catastrophic volcanic eruption that devastated the Aegean island of Thera (also called Santorini) circa 1600 BCE. It destroyed the Minoan settlement at Akrotiri, as well as communities and agricultural areas on near ...
decreased the Hittites' harvests.
The raid on Babylon could not have been intended to exercise sovereignty over the region; it was simply too far from
Anatolia
Anatolia, tr, Anadolu Yarımadası), and the Anatolian plateau, also known as Asia Minor, is a large peninsula in Western Asia and the westernmost protrusion of the Asian continent. It constitutes the major part of modern-day Turkey. The re ...
and the Hittites' center of power. It is thought, however, that the raid on Babylon brought an end to the
Amorite
The Amorites (; sux, 𒈥𒌅, MAR.TU; Akkadian: 𒀀𒈬𒊒𒌝 or 𒋾𒀉𒉡𒌝/𒊎 ; he, אֱמוֹרִי, 'Ĕmōrī; grc, Ἀμορραῖοι) were an ancient Northwest Semitic-speaking people from the Levant who also occupied lar ...
dynasty of
Hammurabi
Hammurabi (Akkadian: ; ) was the sixth Amorite king of the Old Babylonian Empire, reigning from to BC. He was preceded by his father, Sin-Muballit, who abdicated due to failing health. During his reign, he conquered Elam and the city-states ...
and allowed the
Kassites
The Kassites () were people of the ancient Near East, who controlled Babylonia after the fall of the Old Babylonian Empire c. 1531 BC and until c. 1155 BC (short chronology).
They gained control of Babylonia after the Hittite sack of Babylon ...
to take power, and so might have arisen from an alliance with the Kassites or an attempt to curry favor with them. It might also be that Mursili undertook the long-distance attack for personal motives, namely as a way to outdo the military exploits of his predecessor, Hattusili I.
When Mursili returned to his kingdom, he was assassinated in a conspiracy led by his brother-in-law,
Hantili I
Hantili I was a king of the Hittites during the Hittite Old Kingdom. His reign lasted for 30 years, from c. 1590 to c. 1560 BC (middle chronology).
Biography
Rise to power
According to the Telepinu Proclamation, Hantili was the royal cup-bearer ...
(who took the throne), and Hantili's son-in-law,
Zidanta I
Zidanta I was a king of the Hittites (Old Kingdom), ruling for 10 years, ca. 1560–1550 BC (middle chronology) or 1496–1486 BC (short chronology timeline). According to the Telepinu Proclamation, this king became a ruler by murder.
Zidanta was ...
.
The Hittites and their World
/ref> His death inaugurated a period of social unrest and decay of central rule, followed by the loss of the conquests made in Syria.
In popular culture
Mursili I is a playable leader (as the Latinized form "Mursilis") of the Hittite state in the 2001 video game ''Civilization III
''Sid Meier's Civilization III'' is the third installment of the ''Sid Meier's Civilization'' turn-based strategy video game series. It was released in 2001, and followed by ''Civilization IV''. Unlike the original game, ''Civilization III'' was n ...
''.
See also
* History of the Hittites
The Hittites () were an Anatolian peoples, Anatolian people who played an important role in establishing first a kingdom in Kussara (before 1750 BC), then the Kültepe , Kanesh or Nesha kingdom (c. 1750–1650 BC), and next an empire centere ...
References
Reign of Mursili I
*Trevor Bryce, ''The Kingdom of the Hittites'', Oxford: University Press (1998)
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mursili 01
16th-century BC rulers
16th-century BC murdered monarchs
Hittite kings
Assassinated royalty
Ancient murdered monarchs
Year of birth unknown