muqarna

Muqarnas ( ar, مقرنص; fa, مقرنس), also known in Iranian architecture as Ahoopāy ( fa, آهوپای) and in Iberian architecture as Mocárabe, is a form of ornamented vaulting in Islamic architecture. It is the archetypal form of Islamic architecture, integral to the vernacular of Islamic buildings that originated in the Abbasid Empire. The muqarnas structure originated from the squinch. Sometimes called "honeycomb vaulting" or "stalactite vaulting", the purpose of muqarnas is to create a smooth, decorative zone of transition in an otherwise bare, structural space. This structure gives the ability to distinguish between the main parts of a building, and serve as a transition from the walls of a room into a domed ceiling.

Muqarnas is significant in Islamic architecture because its elaborate form is a symbolic representation of universal creation by God. Muqarnas architecture is featured in domes, half-dome entrances, iwans and apses. The two main types of muqarnas are the North African/Middle Eastern style, composed of a series of downward triangular projections, and the Iranian style, composed of connecting tiers of segments.

Etymology

The etymology of the word ''muqarnas'' is somewhat vague. It is thought to have originated from the Greek word ''korōnis'' meaning "ornamental molding". There is also speculation of the origin to stem from the Arabic word ''qarnasi'' meaning "intricate work". Nişanyan claims that it is related to the Aramaic קרנסא, meaning "hammering".

Structure

Muqarnas is typically applied to the undersides of domes, pendentives, cornices, squinches, arches and vaults and is often seen in the mihrab of a mosque. They can be entirely ornamental, or serve as load-bearing structures. The earliest forms of muqarnas domes, found in the Mesopotamian region, were primarily structural. Muqarnas grew increasingly common and decorative in the beginning of the 12th century. Muqarnas can either be carved into the structural blocks of corbelled vaulting or hung from a structural roof as a purely decorative surface. The most distinctive form of the muqarnas is the honeycomb structure, often intricate and impossibly fractal-like in its complexity. The individual cells are called alveoles. Muqarnas can range from seemingly simplistic to incredibly complex blends of architecture, mathematics, and art. Two rare examples of artful sciography using pareidolia are found over the entrances of Divriği Great Mosque and Hospital, Divriği, Turkey, and of the Niğde Alaaddin Mosque in Niğde, Turkey.

Muqarnas are made of brick, stone, stucco, or wood, and clad with tiles or plaster. The form and medium vary depending on the region they are found. Muqarnas structures in the east are built using a standard set of components and guidelines, creating a more uniformed style. Muqarnas found in the west are more intricately creative because they tend to not have a standard set of regulations regarding composition, components, and construction. In Syria, Egypt, and Turkey, muqarnas are constructed out of stone. In North Africa, they are typically constructed from plaster and wood, and in Iran and Iraq, the muqarnas dome is built with bricks covered in plaster or ceramic clay.

Origin

Muqarnas originated in the Abbasid Empire after the Caliphs built their palaces and mosques with it. Evidence is there from the Abbasid Palace in Baghdad. Later examples include the 10th-century architectural fragments found near Nishapur in Iran, and tripartite squinches located in the Arab-Ata Mausoleum in the village of Tim, near Samarkand in Uzbekistan, are some examples of early developmental forms of muqarnas.

Qubba Imam al-Dawr in Iraq, completed in 1090, was the first concrete example of a muqarnas dome. The shrine was reported destroyed by ISIS in October 2014.  

Given the advanced technical mastery of constructing muqarnas, it is believed that the technique, and therefore architectural elements, were imported into Egypt from elsewhere in the empire. Scholars speculate the outside influence originated from Syria; however, there are few Syrian monuments still standing that can support this claim.

In Egypt, the Aswan Mausolea is a crucial example for the advancement in the development of the stalactite pendentive. In the mid-eleventh century, prosperous pilgrimage routes along the Red Sea and flourishing trade routes began in Cairo and dispersed throughout the Islamic empire. This allowed for a great exchange of ideas as well as a lucrative economy, capable of funding various architectural projects.

The largest example of muqarnas domes can be found in Iraq and the Jazira region of eastern Syria, with a diverse variety of applications in domes, vaults, mihrabs, and niches. These domes are dated around the mid-twelfth century, the time of the Mongol invasion – a period of great architectural activity.

Prominent examples of their development can be found in the minaret of Badr al-Jamali's mashhad in Cairo, dated by inscription to 1085, a cornice in Cairo's north wall (1085), the Jameh Mosque of Isfahan (1088), the Almoravid Qubba (1107–43) in Marrakech, the Great Mosque of Tlemcen in Algeria (1136), the Mosque of the Qarawiyyin in Morocco (rebuilt between 1135 and 1140), the Bimaristan of Nur al-Din in Damascus (1154), the Alhambra in Granada, Spain (15th-century), the Abbasid palaces in Baghdad, Iraq, and the mausoleum of Sultan Qaitbay, Cairo, Egypt. Large rectangular roofs in wood with muqarnas-style decoration adorn the 12th-century Cappella Palatina in Palermo, Sicily, and other important buildings in Norman Sicily. Muqarnas ornament is also found in Armenian architecture.

Significance

Muqarnas ornament is significant in Islamic architecture because it represents an ornamental form that conveys the vastness and complexity of Islamic ideology. The distinct units of the dome represent the complex creation of the universe, and in turn the Creator, himself. The elaborate nature of the stacked domes also serve as a representation of heaven. Influenced by the theology of the Greek Atomist Theory, it was believed that every atom composing a muqarnas dome was connected with God. The astonishing ability for the extremely complex and seemingly unsupported muqarnas dome was proof of the mysterious existence of the universe.

The muqarnas domes were often constructed above portals of entry for the purpose of establishing a  threshold between two worlds. The celestial connotation of the muqarnas structure represents a passage from "the functions of living, or of awaiting eternal life that is expressed by geometric forms." When featured in the interior of domes, the viewer would look upward (towards heaven) and contemplate its beauty. Conversely, the downward hanging structures of the muqarnas represented God's presence over the physical world.

Gallery

File:Honeycomb work.jpg, High-resolution detail of Mocárabe from the Alhambra, showing horizontal courses; the clearer one zigzags across at about 1/3 of the way down.
File:Topkapi_Scroll_P344.JPG, Medieval architect's plan of two muqarnas vaults, from the Topkapı Scroll
File:Aleppo_Citadel,_Syria_(5077841786).jpg, Corbelled vault carved into muqarnas, showing method of suspension for pendant points
File:Amber Fort Jai Mandir 20080213-5.jpg, Amber Fort, near Jaipur. The marble palace Jai Mandir. Sheesh Mahal, Hall of Mirrors
File:Details of Muqarnas corbel balcony, Qutb Minar.jpg, Muqarnas corbel, Qutb Minar, India
File:Turquoise muqarna MBA Lyon 1969-331.jpg, Muqarnas, single alveole. Earthenware with molded decoration under opaque turquoise glaze, Timurid art, 1st half of the 15th century. From the Shah-i-Zinda in Samarkand.
File:Arco con arabescos en la Alhambra.JPG, Mocárabe stalactite work on the underside of an arch, Alhambra Palace, Granada, Spain, with downward-projecting "stalactites". The spanish muqarnas are linked to the Christian conquest of the building and they can be dated to the 15th-century.
File:Creation and ceiling- Capela Palatina - Palermo - Italy 2015.JPG, Painted muqarnas, Palatine Chapel, Palermo, commissioned by Roger II of Sicily in 1132
File:Iran Isfahan Chehel Sotoon Palace 12.jpg, Gilded tile muqarnas at Chehel Sotoon Palace (17th century), Isfahan
File:Muqarnas carved from wood in Tangiers.jpg, Muqarnas in Tangiers, Morocco
File:Muqarnas in Fez, Morocco.jpg, Muqarnas in Fez, Morocco
File:Hatem Mosque1 (10).jpg, Upward- and downward-facing muquarnas
File:Detail, calotte is filled with colored muqarnas. Samaritan's niche from a house in Damascus, Syria. 15th-16th century CE. Islamic Art Museum (Museum für Islamische Kunst), Berlin.jpg, Detail, calotte filled with colored muqarnas. Niche from a Samaritan's house in Damascus, Syria. 15th-16th century CE. Islamic Art Museum (Museum für Islamische Kunst), Berlin

See also

* Architecture of Iran
* Islamic geometric patterns
* Mathematics and art
* Ottoman architecture
* Symbolism of domes

References

External links

*
Muqarnas : A Three-dimensional Decoration of Islam Architecture.
Contains a database of over a thousand plans of extant muqarnas, indexed by location and geometry.

* ttp://www.sigd.org/muqarnas/ Informative page about muqarnas from the School of Islamic Geometric Designbr>polygonal computer models
with VRML interactive 3D models
Slideshow on muqarnas geometry
with traditional and computer-assisted new designs.

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Islamic architectural elements
Islamic architecture
Architecture in Iran
Arabic architecture
Architectural elements
Architecture in the Ottoman Empire
Ornaments (architecture)
Iranian inventions