Munduruku is a

Tupi language Old Tupi, Ancient Tupi or Classical Tupi (also spelled as Tupí) is an extinct Tupian language which was spoken by the aboriginal Tupi people of Brazil, mostly those who inhabited coastal regions in South and Southeast Brazil. It belongs to ...

spoken by 10,000 people in the

Tapajós River The Tapajós ( pt, Rio Tapajós ) is a river in Brazil. It runs through the Amazon Rainforest and is a major tributary of the Amazon River. When combined with the Juruena River, the Tapajós is approximately long. It is one of the largest cle ...

basin in north central

Brazil Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and with over 217 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area ...

, of which most of the women and children are monolingual. Gomes (2006) points out that Munduruku is one of the languages of the Tupian family and constitutes, together with Kuruaya, the Munduruku linguistic branch ..The Portuguese language has made significant inroads among the Munduruku. Some loss of the Munduruku language is occurring among those who live in the area of the Madeira River and in the outskirts of the towns next to the Tapajós River; however, the situation is not as bad as it seems, as even here, the language of the majority of is Munduruku, and bilingualism only takes place after Munduruku has already been acquired (around 10 years of age), usually as a result of learning Portuguese at school. Those who live in the villages of the Tapajós River valley speak only Munduruku, even in the presence of non-indigenous people. There are elementary schools located in almost all villages, and courses promoted by the Brazilian government have turned over education to the Mundurukú, who are starting to take control of their own formal education."

Phonology

Phoneme inventory

Consonants

Vowels

Syllable structure

The syllable in Munduruku is made up of an obligatory vocalic nucleus and one of four phonemic accents (three of pitch and one of laryngealization). It may also have an

onset Onset may refer to: *Onset (audio), the beginning of a musical note or sound *Onset, Massachusetts Onset is a census-designated place (CDP) in the town of Wareham, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 1,573 at the 2010 census. Geog ...

or coda. No

consonant cluster In linguistics, a consonant cluster, consonant sequence or consonant compound, is a group of consonants which have no intervening vowel. In English, for example, the groups and are consonant clusters in the word ''splits''. In the education fie ...

s are permitted. Thus, the permissible syllables are CV, CVC, V, and VC (with V being the most rare).

Onset

The onset in this language may be any one of the 16 consonant phonemes which contrast as to the manner and point of articulation: (1) voiceless stops /p, t, k, tʃ, k, ʔ/; (2) Voiced stops /b, dʒ/; (3) Fricatives /s, ʃ, h/, (4) nasals /m, n, ŋ/, (5) Sonorants /w, y, r/

Coda

The only segment not allowed in the coda is /tʃ/. Observe that CVj and CVw and not CV.V ones are considered CVC syllables for a variety of reasons; one is that it would require positing a new syllable pattern limited to CVu and CVi with no other vowels occurring in coda position. There is also a phonetic contrast between /i, u/ as vowel nuclei and /y, w/ as codas, the former being distinctly vocalic and the latter consonantal.

Nucleus

The syllabic nucleus is limited to only one vowel.

Accent

Accent is considered a feature of the entire syllable rather than of the nucleus only. One accent occurs with each syllable. Note that the functional load of accent is light—only some 40 lexical pairs with contrastive accents have been found, and few grammatical contrasts are marked by accent alone.

Syntax

Munduruku is an OV language.

References

External links

*
Mundurukú
( Intercontinental Dictionary Series)
TuLaR (Tupian Languages Resources)
{{DEFAULTSORT:Munduruku Language Languages of Brazil Indigenous languages of South America