The Muldergate scandal, also known as the Information Scandal or Infogate, was a South African
political scandal
In politics, a political scandal is an action or event regarded as morally or legally wrong and causing general public outrage. Politicians, government officials, party officials and lobbyists can be accused of various illegal, corrupt, unethic ...
involving a secret propaganda campaign conducted by the
apartheid
Apartheid (, especially South African English: , ; , "aparthood") was a system of institutionalised racial segregation that existed in South Africa and South West Africa (now Namibia) from 1948 to the early 1990s. Apartheid was ...
Department of Information. It centred on revelations about the Department's use of a multi-million rand secret
slush fund
A slush fund is a fund or account that is not properly accounted, such as money used for corrupt or illegal purposes, especially in the political sphere. Such funds may be kept hidden and maintained separately from money that is used for legitim ...
, channelled from the defence budget, to fund an ambitious series of projects in publishing, media relations, public relations, lobbying, and diplomacy. Most ambitiously, the fund was used to establish a new pro-government newspaper, the ''
Citizen
Citizenship is a "relationship between an individual and a state to which the individual owes allegiance and in turn is entitled to its protection".
Each state determines the conditions under which it will recognize persons as its citizens, and ...
'', and in attempts to purchase both the ''
Rand Daily Mail
''The Rand Daily Mail'' was a South African newspaper published from 1902 until it was controversially closed in 1985 after adopting an outspoken anti-apartheid stance in the midst of a massive clampdown on activists by the security forces. The ...
'' and the ''
Washington Star
''The Washington Star'', previously known as the ''Washington Star-News'' and the Washington ''Evening Star'', was a daily afternoon newspaper published in Washington, D.C., between 1852 and 1981. The Sunday edition was known as the ''Sunday Star ...
''. The projects, involving a total amount of at least $72 million (over $300 million in 2021 terms),
aimed primarily to counter negative perceptions of the South African government in foreign countries, especially in the West.
The scandal broke in 1977 and implicated the Prime Minister,
B. J. Vorster
Balthazar Johannes "B. J." Vorster (; also known as John Vorster; 13 December 1915 – 10 September 1983) was a South African apartheid politician who served as the prime minister of South Africa from 1966 to 1978 and the fourth state presid ...
. Also centrally involved in "Project Annemarie" were
Eschel Rhoodie
Eschel Mostert Rhoodie (11 July 1933 – 17 July 1993) was a South African civil servant, public relations officer and spin doctor most famous as being one of the key players in the 1978–79 Information Scandal, also known as "Infogate" or ...
, Secretary of Information;
Connie Mulder
Connie Mulder, born Cornelius Petrus Mulder (5 June 1925– 12 January 1988), was a South African politician, cabinet minister and father of Pieter Mulder, former leader of the Freedom Front Plus.
He started his career as a teacher of Afrik ...
, Minister of Information, and a rising star in the
National Party; and
Hendrik van den Bergh, the Head of the
Bureau for State Security. A series of internal investigations, inquiries, and media exposés culminated in the resignation in disgrace of all four men.
In fact, during the course of the scandal, Vorster resigned twice, first from the
Prime Ministership and then from the
State Presidency.
P. W. Botha
Pieter Willem Botha, (; 12 January 1916 – 31 October 2006), commonly known as P. W. and af, Die Groot Krokodil (The Big Crocodile), was a South African politician. He served as the last prime minister of South Africa from 1978 to 1984 and ...
, Vorster's successor as Prime Minister, was Minister of Defence throughout Project Annemarie's lifespan and was implicated in facilitating the slush fund, but he was ultimately cleared of all wrongdoing. Rhoodie was prosecuted for fraud and theft, and one other participant, American media magnate
John P. McGoff
John P. McGoff (1925 – January 21, 1998) was an American conservative newspaper publisher. He was the founder of the Panax Corporation and Global Communications, and the owner of "over seventy newspapers across the United States." His ties t ...
, also faced criminal charges related to the scandal.
Background
![Connie Mulder](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Connie_Mulder.jpg)
In the early 1970s, public perceptions of the South African government, arising from
apartheid
Apartheid (, especially South African English: , ; , "aparthood") was a system of institutionalised racial segregation that existed in South Africa and South West Africa (now Namibia) from 1948 to the early 1990s. Apartheid was ...
and concomitant brutalities, were felt to endanger its reputation abroad, and thus to endanger important trade and financial links.
Sectors of the South African state, and Prime Minister
B. J. Vorster
Balthazar Johannes "B. J." Vorster (; also known as John Vorster; 13 December 1915 – 10 September 1983) was a South African apartheid politician who served as the prime minister of South Africa from 1966 to 1978 and the fourth state presid ...
, worried about South Africa's increasing isolation in the international arena, which was the result of an array of domestic and international factors. Particular concerns were the intensification of
sports boycotts and the intensification of calls, especially by the British
Anti-Apartheid Movement
The Anti-Apartheid Movement (AAM), was a British organisation that was at the centre of the international movement opposing the South African apartheid system and supporting South Africa's non-White population who were persecuted by the policie ...
, for economic sanctions and boycotts.
Diplomatic press officer
Eschel Rhoodie
Eschel Mostert Rhoodie (11 July 1933 – 17 July 1993) was a South African civil servant, public relations officer and spin doctor most famous as being one of the key players in the 1978–79 Information Scandal, also known as "Infogate" or ...
had written a book on South Africa's global positioning. In 1971 he helped the government to establish a pro-South African news magazine, ''To the Point'', published internationally and supported financially by the state and by its Dutch publisher. The project was authorised by Vorster; by the Minister of Information,
Connie Mulder
Connie Mulder, born Cornelius Petrus Mulder (5 June 1925– 12 January 1988), was a South African politician, cabinet minister and father of Pieter Mulder, former leader of the Freedom Front Plus.
He started his career as a teacher of Afrik ...
; and by
Hendrik van den Bergh of the
Bureau for State Security (BOSS), which also helped with its funding.
In September 1972, Mulder appointed Rhoodie Secretary of Information
– the Department of Information's head of "dirty tricks," on some accounts.
Under him, the Department began to pursue a concerted communications and propaganda programme. By early 1973, the Department had allegedly been involved in the following, funded partly by loans from BOSS:
* The establishment of a Committee for Fairness in Sport, a front organisation which addressed sports boycotts;
* The establishment of a front business organisation under
Gerald Sparrow
Gerald Sparrow (1903–1988) was a British lawyer, judge and travel writer. He served on the International Court in Bangkok, Thailand, for over 20 years. He was the president of the Club of Ten, a pro-apartheid organization, and the author of ove ...
called the Club of Ten, which criticised what it alleged was bias in attitudes toward the apartheid government;
* The establishment of a covert photo news agency, which distributed articles and photos to the European press;
* The purchase of a small French newspaper, ''Le Monde Moderne'';
* A smear campaign against liberal politicians in the United Kingdom, including
Peter Hain
Peter Gerald Hain, Baron Hain (born 16 February 1950), is a British politician who served as Secretary of State for Northern Ireland from 2005 to 2007, Secretary of State for Work and Pensions from 2007 to 2008 and twice as Secretary of State ...
;
* Contracts with two
Labour Party Members of Parliament for lobbying and spying; and
* A January 1974 visit to the United States, involving meetings with top politicians and the ''
New York Times
''The New York Times'' (''the Times'', ''NYT'', or the Gray Lady) is a daily newspaper based in New York City with a worldwide readership reported in 2020 to comprise a declining 840,000 paid print subscribers, and a growing 6 million paid d ...
''.
Project Annemarie
From December 1973, these initiatives were expanded and formalised. The Department's new approach was to be "a no-holds-barred secret campaign of psychological warfare against foreign opinion."
Vorster later said that the purpose was "to assist in a delicate and unconventional way in combating the total onslaught against South Africa," and "to withstand the subversion of our country's good image and stability."
A
slush fund
A slush fund is a fund or account that is not properly accounted, such as money used for corrupt or illegal purposes, especially in the political sphere. Such funds may be kept hidden and maintained separately from money that is used for legitim ...
was set up in collaboration with the Minister of Defence
P. W. Botha
Pieter Willem Botha, (; 12 January 1916 – 31 October 2006), commonly known as P. W. and af, Die Groot Krokodil (The Big Crocodile), was a South African politician. He served as the last prime minister of South Africa from 1978 to 1984 and ...
– money was channelled to the Department of Information through the secret Defence Special Account. From April 1974, BOSS acted as banker for the Project, but the involvement of the Department of Defence was necessary to avoid the perception of inflation in BOSS's own budget.
The programme, named Project Annemarie, after Rhoodie’s daughter,
mainly targeted Western countries, and involved 180 initiatives at an estimated cost of between R65 million and R85 million, or between $73 million and $76 million,
over five years.
Participants said it included:
* Backdoor diplomacy with African countries and with Israel;
* Purchase of a 50 percent interest in
UPITN
United Press International Television News, abbreviated as UPITN, was a television news agency, operating from 1967 to 1985. It was the successor to earlier UPI television news film operations United Press Movietone and United Press International N ...
, a television news service based in London;
* Extensive use of lobbying groups in the United States;
* Contributions toward the 1976 electoral defeats of Senators
John Tunney and
Dick Clark
Richard Wagstaff Clark (November 30, 1929April 18, 2012) was an American radio and television personality, television producer and film actor, as well as a cultural icon who remains best known for hosting ''American Bandstand'' from 1956 to 198 ...
, who opposed American involvement in the
Angolan War;
* The establishment of publication firms for propaganda distributed locally and internationally, including in foreign universities;
* The establishment of front organisations for research, for transferring money abroad, and for hosting foreign guests in South Africa;
*
Pamphlet bombs in townships after the
1976 Soweto uprising; and
* An attempt to establish black film theatres.
The ''Citizen''
The Project had initially planned to arrange the sale of the ''
Rand Daily Mail
''The Rand Daily Mail'' was a South African newspaper published from 1902 until it was controversially closed in 1985 after adopting an outspoken anti-apartheid stance in the midst of a massive clampdown on activists by the security forces. The ...
'', the most staunchly anti-apartheid national newspaper of the era, to
Louis Luyt
Louis Luyt (18 June 1932 – 1 February 2013) was a South African business tycoon and politician, and one-time rugby administrator.
Having been a rugby player as a young man, Luyt went on to become a businessman. He founded Triomf Fertiliser a ...
, a conservative business tycoon who would steer the paper in a more sympathetic editorial direction. When shareholders refused to sell to Luyt, the Project decided to establish an entirely new pro-government, but ostensibly independent, English-language newspaper.
The ''
Citizen
Citizenship is a "relationship between an individual and a state to which the individual owes allegiance and in turn is entitled to its protection".
Each state determines the conditions under which it will recognize persons as its citizens, and ...
'' was founded in 1976, at substantial expense, under Luyt, and recruited several popular conservative journalists. It lost significant amounts of money, and an overdraft facility had to be arranged.
The ''Citizen'' is estimated to have cost the state R32 million
or $37 million
by the time Luyt pulled out in 1977. On some views, the eventual scandal "discredited" the ''Citizen'', which is still operational, for some years afterward.
The ''Washington Star''
In 1974, the Project also attempted to facilitate the sale of the American ''
Washington Star
''The Washington Star'', previously known as the ''Washington Star-News'' and the Washington ''Evening Star'', was a daily afternoon newspaper published in Washington, D.C., between 1852 and 1981. The Sunday edition was known as the ''Sunday Star ...
'', with similar plans to sway its editorial policy toward a favourable view of the South African government. The intention was probably to use the newspaper to influence American foreign policy on South Africa and to attack liberal
Democrats.
Luyt's counterpart in this unsuccessful bid was right-wing media magnate
John P. McGoff
John P. McGoff (1925 – January 21, 1998) was an American conservative newspaper publisher. He was the founder of the Panax Corporation and Global Communications, and the owner of "over seventy newspapers across the United States." His ties t ...
, who was provided $11.3 million in Project funds with which to purchase the ''Star''.
McGoff went on to use part of the funds to purchase an interest in the ''
Sacramento Union
''The Sacramento Union'' was a daily newspaper founded in 1851 in Sacramento, California. It was the oldest daily newspaper west of the Mississippi River before it closed its doors after 143 years in January 1994, no longer able to compete with ' ...
'', and was ultimately investigated and charged by the American
Department of Justice
A justice ministry, ministry of justice, or department of justice is a ministry or other government agency in charge of the administration of justice. The ministry or department is often headed by a minister of justice (minister for justice in a ...
for acting as the agent of a foreign nation.
Public scandal
In mid-1977, the Department was audited by the state
Auditor-General
A comptroller (pronounced either the same as ''controller'' or as ) is a management-level position responsible for supervising the quality of accounting and financial reporting of an organization. A financial comptroller is a senior-level execut ...
, led by the former Secretary of Information,
Gerald Barrie. Barrie reported to Vorster about financial irregularities and the mismanagement of state funds at the Department.
Over the next two years, revelations about the Department's activities and secret propaganda campaign emerged through a series of official inquiries and in the press. The ''Rand Daily Mail'' under
Allister Sparks
Allister Haddon Sparks (10 March 1933 – 19 September 2016) was a South African writer, journalist, and political commentator. He was the editor of ''The Rand Daily Mail'' when it broke Muldergate, the story of how the apartheid government sec ...
and the ''Sunday Express'' under
Rex Gibson
Dr Rex Gibson (29 October 1932, in Bristol – 1 May 2005, in Cambridge) was an English academic writing on the theatre. He is best known for his creation and editing of the Cambridge School Shakespeare series, for which he was given the firs ...
broke the story and were particularly active in investigating it.
At least in conservative society and within the ruling
National Party, the scandal was less about the fact of a state propaganda campaign than about the mismanagement of state funds, appropriated without the knowledge of
Parliament
In modern politics, and history, a parliament is a legislative body of government. Generally, a modern parliament has three functions: Representation (politics), representing the Election#Suffrage, electorate, making laws, and overseeing ...
, and an apparent cover-up by senior government officials and elected representatives.
It emerged, through the state audit and other sources, that Project Annemarie funds had been transferred to private bank accounts and used to fund extravagant trips abroad by Project officials.
Deceit by participants became a prominent issue in 1978, when attention turned to the financing of the ''Citizen''. In this regard, Mulder faced particular public censure – in May 1978, responding to a parliamentary question from opposition politician
Japie Basson, he had denied outright that the ''Citizen'' had been financed with state funds, thereby lying to Parliament.
Official inquiries
Parliamentary inquiry
At the end of January 1978, amid widely circulated rumours inflamed by media reports, Parliament's Committee on Public Accounts, chaired by
Hennie van der Walt, initiated an inquiry. The Committee's final report to Parliament in July 1978 found that there had been financial irregularities and that a more extensive inquiry should be established.
Rhoodie was forced to resign, and Vorster dissolved the Department of Information, replacing it with the Bureau of National and International Communication.
Van den Bergh also resigned and BOSS was restructured.
Reynders inquiry
Also in July 1978, Vorster appointed BOSS to conduct a special internal investigation into financial irregularities in the use of the secret accounts. The BOSS auditor was
Loot Reynders.
On 20 September, Vorster resigned as Prime Minister, citing ill health, and took up the
State Presidency, a largely ceremonial position similar to that of
Governor-General of South Africa
The governor-general of the Union of South Africa ( af, Goewerneur-generaal van Unie van Suid-Afrika, nl, Goeverneur-generaal van de Unie van Zuid-Afrika) was the highest state official in the Union of South Africa between 31 May 1910 and 31 ...
. Botha, his Minister of Defence, became Prime Minister.
In late September, the report of the Reynders inquiry was leaked in a nationalist newspaper in Mulder's constituency. The report was remarkably brief and found no irregularities, clearing Mulder and his Department.
The leak came only days before an internal National Party leadership election in which Mulder was slated to compete – he had previously held substantial political power as the Party's apparent "crown prince."
However, despite Reynders's favourable report, Mulder lost the leadership election to Botha.
Mostert Commission
Finance Minister
Owen Horwood
Owen Pieter Faure Horwood (6 December 1916 – 13 September 1998) was a South African economist, politician, leader of the National Party in the province of Natal and Finance Minister 1975 to 1984. He was married to Helen Watt, sister of Janet S ...
appointed Justice
Anton Mostert to carry out an inquiry into foreign exchange control violations in particular.
In his testimony, Luyt implicated Vorster, Mulder, and van den Bergh in the project. Despite efforts by Botha to block him, Mostert decided in the public interest to release some of his findings on 2 November 1978. He announced that the Department of Information had misappropriated at least $15 million in public funds,
including to finance the ''Citizen''. On 3 November, the ''Rand Daily Mail'' ran the story under a famous banner headline reading "It's all true."
Three days later, Botha suspended the Mostert Commission.
In the following weeks, Mulder resigned from the Cabinet and then from his chairmanship of the National Party's
Transvaal Transvaal is a historical geographic term associated with land north of (''i.e.'', beyond) the Vaal River in South Africa. A number of states and administrative divisions have carried the name Transvaal.
* South African Republic (1856–1902; af, ...
branch.
Erasmus Commission
![PW Botha 1962](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/PW_Botha_1962.jpg)
The Commission of Inquiry into Alleged Irregularities in the Former Department of Information, better known as the Erasmus Commission, was appointed in November 1978 under Justice
Rudolph Erasmus. It was the most extensive of the inquiries into the Information Scandal, though its proceedings were kept secret, ostensibly for national security reasons.
It released its first report in an emergency session of Parliament on December 1978 and its second on 4 June 1979. Rhoodie, Mulder, and van den Bergh all claimed that Vorster had been closely involved in the Project.
After the publication of the first report, which was sympathetic to Vorster, Mulder went to the press to double down on these allegations: he said that van den Bergh had informed Vorster of the proposal to launch the ''Citizen'' in December 1975, and that in December 1976 Vorster had been consulted on the details of the scheme.
He also said that Vorster was one of three Cabinet members – the others being Defence Minister Botha and Finance Minister Horwood – who had attended meetings on Project Annemarie from 1974 onward. Vorster continued to maintain that he had first learnt of the ''Citizen'' project in August 1977, during the state audit, and that it had been discussed in his Cabinet only once, shortly before his resignation as Prime Minister.
In April 1979, Mulder was expelled from the National Party for refusing to accept Erasmus's findings.
However, Erasmus ultimately came to accept Mulder's account of Vorster's involvement, concluding that Vorster had been fully informed ("knew everything") about, and had covered up, the Department's involvement with the ''Citizen'' and other projects.
While presenting the second Erasmus report to Parliament in June 1979, Botha announced that Vorster had resigned as State President in disgrace.
Botha was absolved of any wrongdoing, on the basis that he had not known how the slush fund was used and so had not known about the irregularities.
Mulder, Rhoodie and van den Bergh were held primarily responsible for the irregularities, with Erasmus also claiming that Rhoodie and van den Bergh had attempted to manipulate the September 1978 National Party election to have Mulder appointed Vorster's successor. Erasmus did not reveal what other Project Annemarie initiatives had been, and he recommended that dozens of them should continue to operate.
Criminal charges against Rhoodie
Rhoodie testified at the Erasmus Commission but fled the country immediately afterwards, spending time in Ecuador, the United Kingdom, the United States, and France.
In an interview with the
BBC #REDIRECT BBC #REDIRECT BBC
Here i going to introduce about the best teacher of my life b BALAJI sir. He is the precious gift that I got befor 2yrs . How has helped and thought all the concept and made my success in the 10th board exam. ...
...
that he was a scapegoat and that senior officials, including the Prime Minister, had authorised the projects.
In July 1979, he was extradited from France to South Africa to face fraud and theft charges.
He was found guilty on five counts and sentenced to six years' imprisonment, but the verdict was overturned on appeal in 1980.
Rhoodie continued to maintain that he was innocent and had been the victim of a political "vendetta."
* De Villiers, Les (1980). ''Secret Information''. Tafelberg. .
* Hachten, William A., Giffard, C. Anthony & Hachten, Harva (1984). "Muldergate: Covert Efforts to Influence Opinion." In ''The Press and Apartheid'', 229–261. Palgrave Macmillan.
* Rees, Mervyn & Day, Chris (1980). ''Muldergate: The Story of the Info Scandal''. Macmillan South Africa. .
* Rhoodie, Eschel (1969). ''The Paper Curtain''. Voortrekkerpers. OCLC 53023687.
* Rhoodie, Eschel (1983). ''The Real Information Scandal''. Atlanta, Georgia: Orbis. .
* Rickard, Carmel (2012). ''Thank You, Judge Mostert!''. Penguin Random House South Africa. .