Muda (木达 or 母打) is a

Loloish language The Loloish languages, also known as Yi in China and occasionally Ngwi or Nisoic, are a family of fifty to a hundred Sino-Tibetan languages spoken primarily in the Yunnan province of China. They are most closely related to Burmese and its relat ...

China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...

. There are over 2,000 Muda speakers in Nanlianshan Village Community 南联山村委会 (formerly Nanlianshan District, 南联山乡, now part of Gasa Township 嘎洒镇),

Jinghong City Jinghong (; khb, ᨩ᩠ᨿᨦᩁᩩ᩵ᨦ; th, เชียงรุ่ง, , ; lo, ຊຽງຮຸ່ງ; also formerly romanised as ''Chiang Hung'', ''Chengrung'', ''Cheng Hung'', Jeng Hung, ''Jinghung'', ''Keng Hung'', ''Kiang Hung'' and ' ...

, Yunnan, China (Xu 1991).Xu Shixuan ��世璇(1991)
缅彝语几种音类的演变
''Minzu Yuwen''.

Classification

Xu (1991) classifies Muda as a Ha-Ya language (see ''

Hani languages The Hani languages are a group of closely related but distinct languages of the Loloish (Yi) branch of the Tibeto-Burman linguistic group. They are also referred to as the Hanoid languages by Lama (2012) and as the Akoid languages by Bradley (20 ...

''). Hsiu (2018)Hsiu, Andrew. 2018
Classifications of some lesser-known Lolo-Burmese languages
classifies Muda as an Akha language containing a Bisoid

substratum In linguistics, a stratum (Latin for "layer") or strate is a language that influences or is influenced by another through contact. A substratum or substrate is a language that has lower power or prestige than another, while a superstratum or sup ...

, with the substrate language being an early split from Bisoid. Muda has Cl- consonant clusters like various

Bisoid languages The Bisoid (Phunoi) languages belong to the Southern Loloish ( Hanoish) branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family. Most Bisoid languages are spoken in Phongsaly Province, northern Laos, with smaller numbers of speakers living in China (Yunnan), V ...

Siloid languages The Siloid languages belong to the Southern Loloish ( Hanoish) branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family. The Siloid branch was first proposed by Hsiu (2016). Most Siloid languages are spoken in Phongsaly Province, northern Laos, with smaller n ...

, and Jinuo, while words of Bisoid origin include 'leg', 'house', and 'smoke'.

Phonology

Muda has the complex consonant onsets (Xu 1991:34).

Vocabulary

The following vocabulary of Muda is from Xu (1991).

References

*Xu Shixuan ��世璇(1991). "Several types of sound changes in Lolo-Burmese languages ��彝语几种音类的演变" In ''Minzu Yuwen'' 1991(3), 34-41. *http://asiaharvest.org/wp-content/themes/asia/docs/people-groups/China/chinaPeoples/M/Muda.pdf {{Lolo-Burmese languages Southern Loloish languages Languages of China