![Isabella Mary Beeton](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Isabella_Mary_Beeton.jpg)
Isabella Mary Beeton ( Mayson; 14 March 1836 – 6 February 1865), known as Mrs Beeton, was an English journalist, editor and writer. Her name is particularly associated with her first book, the 1861 work ''
Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management
''Mrs. Beeton's Book of Household Management'', also published as ''Mrs. Beeton's Cookery Book'', is an extensive guide to running a household in Victorian Britain, edited by Isabella Beeton and first published as a book in 1861. Previously p ...
''. She was born in London and, after schooling in
Islington, north London, and
Heidelberg
Heidelberg (; Palatine German language, Palatine German: ''Heidlberg'') is a city in the States of Germany, German state of Baden-Württemberg, situated on the river Neckar in south-west Germany. As of the 2016 census, its population was 159,914 ...
, Germany, she married
Samuel Orchart Beeton
Samuel Orchart Beeton (2 March 1831 – 6 June 1877)
was an English publisher, best known as the husband of Mrs Beeton (Isabella Mary Mayson) and publisher of ''Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management''. He also founded and published '' Boy' ...
, an ambitious publisher and magazine editor.
In 1857, less than a year after the wedding, Beeton began writing for one of her husband's publications, ''
The Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine
''The Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine'' (EDM) was a monthly magazine which was published between 1852 and 1879. Initially, the periodical was jointly edited by Isabella Mary Beeton and her husband Samuel Orchart Beeton, with Isabella contributin ...
''. She translated French fiction and wrote the cookery column, though all the recipes were
plagiarised
Plagiarism is the fraudulent representation of another person's language, thoughts, ideas, or expressions as one's own original work.From the 1995 '' Random House Compact Unabridged Dictionary'': use or close imitation of the language and though ...
from other works or sent in by the magazine's readers. In 1859 the Beetons launched a series of 48-page monthly supplements to ''The Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine''; the 24 instalments were published in one volume as ''Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management'' in October 1861, which sold 60,000 copies in the first year. Beeton was working on an abridged version of her book, which was to be titled ''The Dictionary of Every-Day Cookery'', when she died of
puerperal fever in February 1865 at the age of 28. She gave birth to four children, two of whom died in infancy, and had several miscarriages. Two of her biographers,
Nancy Spain and
Kathryn Hughes, posit the theory that Samuel had unknowingly contracted
syphilis in a premarital liaison with a prostitute, and had unwittingly passed the disease on to his wife.
The ''Book of Household Management'' has been edited, revised and enlarged several times since Beeton's death and is still in print as at 2016. Food writers have stated that the subsequent editions of the work were far removed from and inferior to the original version. Several cookery writers, including
Elizabeth David
Elizabeth David CBE (born Elizabeth Gwynne, 26 December 1913 – 22 May 1992) was a British cookery writer. In the mid-20th century she strongly influenced the revitalisation of home cookery in her native country and beyond with articles and bo ...
and
Clarissa Dickson Wright, have criticised Beeton's work, particularly her use of other people's recipes. Others, such as the food writer
Bee Wilson, consider the censure overstated, and that Beeton and her work should be thought extraordinary and admirable. Her name has become associated with knowledge and authority on Victorian cooking and home management, and the ''
Oxford English Dictionary
The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' (''OED'') is the first and foundational historical dictionary of the English language, published by Oxford University Press (OUP). It traces the historical development of the English language, providing a co ...
'' states that by 1891 the term ''Mrs Beeton'' had become used as a generic name for a domestic authority. She is also considered a strong influence in the building or shaping of a middle-class identity of the Victorian era.
Biography
Early life, 1836–1854
![Cheapside and Bow Church engraved by W](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Cheapside_and_Bow_Church_engraved_by_W.Albutt_after_T.H.Shepherd_publ_1837_edited.jpg)
Isabella Mayson was born on 14 March 1836 in
Marylebone
Marylebone (usually , also , ) is a district in the West End of London, in the City of Westminster. Oxford Street, Europe's busiest shopping street, forms its southern boundary.
An ancient parish and latterly a metropolitan borough, it me ...
, London. She was the eldest of three daughters to Benjamin Mayson, a linen factor (merchant) and his wife Elizabeth (' Jerrom). Shortly after Isabella's birth the family moved to Milk Street,
Cheapside
Cheapside is a street in the City of London, the historic and modern financial centre of London, which forms part of the A40 London to Fishguard road. It links St. Martin's Le Grand with Poultry. Near its eastern end at Bank junction, where ...
, from where Benjamin traded. He died when Isabella was four years old, and Elizabeth, pregnant and unable to cope with raising the children on her own while maintaining Benjamin's business, sent her two elder daughters to live with relatives. Isabella went to live with her recently widowed paternal grandfather in
Great Orton
Great Orton is a village in the parish of Orton, in the City of Carlisle district of the English county of Cumbria. The population of the civil parish taken at the 2011 census was 453. Historically, the village is part of Cumberland.
__TOC__
...
,
Cumberland, though she was back with her mother within the next two years.
![Epsom New Race Stand – 1829](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Epsom_New_Race_Stand_%E2%80%93_1829.jpg)
Three years after Benjamin's death Elizabeth married
Henry Dorling
Henry Dorling (died 20 March 1873) was the first Clerk of the course at Epsom Downs Racecourse and cookery writer Mrs Beeton's stepfather.
Dorling's father was a bookseller in Epsom, and Henry was apprenticed to a printer, returning to Epsom in 1 ...
, a widower with four children. Henry was the Clerk of
Epsom Racecourse
Epsom Downs is a Grade 1 racecourse on the hills associated with Epsom in Surrey, England which is used for thoroughbred horse racing. The "Downs" referred to in the name are part of the North Downs.
The course, which has a crowd capacity of 13 ...
, and had been granted residence within the racecourse grounds. The family, including Elizabeth's mother, moved to Surrey and over the next twenty years Henry and Elizabeth had a further thirteen children. Isabella was instrumental in her siblings' upbringing, and collectively referred to them as a "living cargo of children". The experience gave her much insight and experience in how to manage a family and its household.
After a brief education at a boarding school in
Islington, in 1851 Isabella was sent to school in
Heidelberg
Heidelberg (; Palatine German language, Palatine German: ''Heidlberg'') is a city in the States of Germany, German state of Baden-Württemberg, situated on the river Neckar in south-west Germany. As of the 2016 census, its population was 159,914 ...
, Germany, accompanied by her stepsister Jane Dorling. Isabella became proficient in the piano and excelled in French and German; she also gained knowledge and experience in making pastry. She had returned to Epsom by the summer of 1854 and took further lessons in pastry-making from a local baker.
Marriage and career, 1854–1861
Around 1854 Isabella Mayson began a relationship with
Samuel Orchart Beeton
Samuel Orchart Beeton (2 March 1831 – 6 June 1877)
was an English publisher, best known as the husband of Mrs Beeton (Isabella Mary Mayson) and publisher of ''Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management''. He also founded and published '' Boy' ...
. His family had lived in Milk Street at the same time as the Maysons—Samuel's father still ran the Dolphin Tavern there—and Samuel's sisters had also attended the same Heidelberg school as Isabella. Samuel was the first British publisher of
Harriet Beecher Stowe's ''
Uncle Tom's Cabin
''Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Life Among the Lowly'' is an anti-slavery novel by American author Harriet Beecher Stowe. Published in two volumes in 1852, the novel had a profound effect on attitudes toward African Americans and slavery in the U ...
'' in 1852 and had also released two innovative and pioneering journals: ''
The Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine
''The Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine'' (EDM) was a monthly magazine which was published between 1852 and 1879. Initially, the periodical was jointly edited by Isabella Mary Beeton and her husband Samuel Orchart Beeton, with Isabella contributin ...
'' in 1852 and the ''
Boys' Own'' magazine in 1855. The couple entered into extensive correspondence in 1855—in which Isabella signed her letters as "Fatty"—and they announced their engagement in June 1855. The marriage took place at St Martin's Church, Epsom, in July the following year, and was announced in ''
The Times
''The Times'' is a British daily national newspaper based in London. It began in 1785 under the title ''The Daily Universal Register'', adopting its current name on 1 January 1788. ''The Times'' and its sister paper '' The Sunday Times'' (f ...
''.
Samuel was "a discreet but firm believer in the equality of women" and their relationship, both personal and professional, was an equal partnership. The couple went to Paris for a three-week honeymoon, after which Samuel's mother joined them in a visit to Heidelberg. They returned to Britain in August, when the newlyweds moved into 2 Chandos Villas, a large
Italianate
The Italianate style was a distinct 19th-century phase in the history of Classical architecture. Like Palladianism and Neoclassicism, the Italianate style drew its inspiration from the models and architectural vocabulary of 16th-century Italian ...
house in
Pinner
Pinner is a London suburb in the London borough of Harrow, Greater London, England, northwest of Charing Cross, close to the border with Hillingdon, historically in the county of Middlesex. The population was 31,130 in 2011.
Originally a med ...
.
![Samuel Orchart Beeton](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Samuel_Orchart_Beeton.jpg)
Within a month of returning from their honeymoon Beeton was pregnant. A few weeks before the birth, Samuel persuaded his wife to contribute to ''The Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine'', a publication that the food writers Mary Aylett and Olive Ordish consider was "designed to make women content with their lot inside the home, not to interest them in the world outside". The magazine was affordable, aimed at young
middle class
The middle class refers to a class of people in the middle of a social hierarchy, often defined by occupation, income, education, or social status. The term has historically been associated with modernity, capitalism and political debate. Com ...
women and was commercially successful, selling 50,000 issues a month by 1856.
Beeton began by translating French fiction for publication as stories or serials. Shortly afterwards she started to work on the cookery column—which had been moribund for the previous six months following the departure of the previous correspondent—and the household article. The Beetons' son, Samuel Orchart, was born towards the end of May 1857, but died at the end of August that year. On the death certificate, the cause of death was given as diarrhoea and cholera, although Hughes hypothesises that Samuel senior had unknowingly contracted
syphilis in a premarital liaison with a prostitute, and had unwittingly passed the condition on to his wife, which would have infected his son.
While coping with the loss of her child, Beeton continued to work at ''The Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine''. Although she was not a regular cook, she and Samuel obtained recipes from other sources. A request to receive the readers' own recipes led to over 2,000 being sent in, which were selected and edited by the Beetons. Published works were also copied, largely unattributed to any of the sources. These included
Eliza Acton
Eliza Acton (17 April 1799 – 13 February 1859) was an English food writer and poet who produced one of Britain's first cookery books aimed at the domestic reader, '' Modern Cookery for Private Families''. The book introduced the now-un ...
's ''
Modern Cookery for Private Families
''Modern Cookery for Private Families'' is an English cookery book by Eliza Acton. It was first published by Longmans in 1845, and was a best-seller, running through 13 editions by 1853, though its sales were later overtaken by Mrs Beeton. On th ...
'',
Elizabeth Raffald
Elizabeth Raffald (; 1733 – 19 April 1781) was an English author, innovator and entrepreneur.
Born and raised in Doncaster, Yorkshire, Raffald went into domestic service for fifteen years, ending as the housekeeper to the Warburton baron ...
's ''
The Experienced English Housekeeper
''The Experienced English Housekeeper'' is a cookery book by the English businesswoman Elizabeth Raffald (1733–1781). It was first published in 1769, and went through 13 authorised editions and at least 23 pirated ones.
The book contains s ...
'',
Marie-Antoine Carême
Marie Antoine (Antonin) Carême (; 8 June 178412 January 1833) was a French chef and an early practitioner and exponent of the elaborate style of cooking known as ''grande cuisine'', the "high art" of French cooking: a grandiose style of cookery ...
's ''Le Pâtissier royal parisien'',
Louis Eustache Ude's ''The French Cook'',
Alexis Soyer
Alexis Benoît Soyer (4 February 18105 August 1858) was a French chef who became the most celebrated cook in Victorian England. He also tried to alleviate suffering of the Irish poor in the Great Irish Famine (1845–1849), and contributed a p ...
's ''The Modern Housewife or, Ménagère'' and ''The Pantropheon'',
Hannah Glasse
Hannah Glasse (; March 1708 – 1 September 1770) was an English cookery writer of the 18th century. Her first cookery book, ''The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy'', published in 1747, became the best-selling recipe book that century. It w ...
's ''
The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy
''The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy'' is a cookbook by Hannah Glasse (1708–1770) first published in 1747. It was a bestseller for a century after its first publication, dominating the English-speaking market and making Glasse one of the ...
'',
Maria Rundell
Maria Eliza Rundell (née Ketelby; 1745 – 16 December 1828) was an English writer. Little is known about most of her life, but in 1805, when she was over 60, she sent an unedited collection of recipes and household advice to John Murray, of ...
's ''
A New System of Domestic Cookery
''A New System of Domestic Cookery'', first published in 1806 by Maria Rundell (1745 – 16 December 1828), was the most popular English cookbook of the first half of the nineteenth century; it is often referred to simply as "Mrs Rundell", b ...
'', and the works of
Charles Elmé Francatelli
Charles Elmé Francatelli (180510 August 1876) was an Italian British cook, known for his cookery books popular in the Victorian era, such as '' The Modern Cook''.
Biography
Francatelli was born in London, of Italian descent, in 1805. He was ...
.
Suzanne Daly and Ross G. Forman, in their examination of Victorian cooking culture, consider that the plagiarism makes it "an important index of mid-Victorian and middle-class society" because the production of the text from its own readers ensures that it is a reflection of what was actually being cooked and eaten at the time.
In copying the recipes of others, Beeton was following the recommendation given to her by Henrietta English, a family friend, who wrote that "Cookery is a Science that is only learnt by Long Experience and years of study which of course you have not had. Therefore my advice would be compile a book from receipts from a Variety of the Best Books published on Cookery and Heaven knows there is a great variety for you to choose from."
The Beetons partly followed the layout of Acton's recipes, although with a major alteration: whereas the earlier writer provided the method of cooking followed by a list of the required ingredients, the recipes in ''The Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine'' listed the components before the cooking process. Beeton 's standardised layout used for the recipes also showed the approximate costs of each serving, the seasonality of the ingredients and the number of portions per dish. According to the twentieth-century British cookery writer
Elizabeth David
Elizabeth David CBE (born Elizabeth Gwynne, 26 December 1913 – 22 May 1992) was a British cookery writer. In the mid-20th century she strongly influenced the revitalisation of home cookery in her native country and beyond with articles and bo ...
, one of the strengths of Beeton's writing was in the "clarity and details of her general instructions, her brisk comments, her no-nonsense asides".
Margaret Beetham, the historian, sees that one of the strengths of the book was the "consistent principle of organisation which made its heterogeneous contents look uniform and orderly", and brought a consistent style in presentation and layout.
Whereas Daly and Forman consider such an approach as "nothing if not formulaic", Hughes sees it as "the thing most beloved by the mid Victorians, ''a system''".
During the particularly bitter winter of 1858–59 Beeton prepared her own soup that she served to the poor of Pinner, "Soup for benevolent purposes"; her sister later recalled that Beeton "was busy making
hesoup for the poor, and the children used to call with their cans regularly to be refilled".
The recipe would become the only entry in her ''
Book of Household Management'' that was her own. After two years of miscarriages, the couple's second son was born in June 1859; he was also named Samuel Orchart Beeton. Hughes sees the miscarriages as further evidence of Samuel's syphilis.
As early as 1857 the Beetons had considered using the magazine columns as the basis of a book of collected recipes and homecare advice, Hughes believes, and in November 1859 they launched a series of 48-page monthly supplements with ''The Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine''.
The print block for the whole series of the supplements was set from the beginning so the break between each edition was fixed at 48 pages, regardless of the text, and in several issues the text of a sentence or recipe is split between the end of one instalment and the beginning of the next.
The Beetons decided to revamp ''The Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine'', particularly the fashion column, which the historian Graham Nown describes as "a rather drab piece". They travelled to Paris in March 1860 to meet Adolphe Goubaud, the publisher of the French magazine ''Le Moniteur de la Mode''. The magazine carried a full-sized dress pattern outlined on a fold-out piece of paper for users to cut out and make their own dresses. The Beetons came to an agreement with Goubaud for the Frenchman to provide patterns and illustrations for their magazine. The first edition to carry the new feature appeared on 1 May, six weeks after the couple returned from Paris. For the redesigned magazine, Samuel was joined as editor by Isabella, who was described as "Editress". As well as being co-editors, the couple were also equal partners. Isabella brought an efficiency and strong business acumen to Samuel's normally disorganised and financially wasteful approach. She joined her husband at work, travelling daily by train to the office, where her presence caused a stir among commuters, most of whom were male. In June 1860 the Beetons travelled to
Killarney
Killarney ( ; ga, Cill Airne , meaning 'church of sloes') is a town in County Kerry, southwestern Ireland. The town is on the northeastern shore of Lough Leane, part of Killarney National Park, and is home to St Mary's Cathedral, Ross Cast ...
, Ireland, for a fortnight's holiday, leaving their son at home with his nurse. They enjoyed the sightseeing, although on the days it rained, they stayed inside their hotel and worked on the next edition of ''The Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine''. Beeton was impressed with the food they were served, and wrote in her diary that the dinners were "conducted in quite the French style".
In September 1861 the Beetons released a new, weekly publication called ''
The Queen, the Ladies' Newspaper''. With the Beetons busy running their other titles, they employed
Frederick Greenwood
Frederick Greenwood (25 March 1830 – 14 December 1909) was an English journalist, editor, and man of letters. He completed Elizabeth Gaskell's novel ''Wives and Daughters'' after her death in 1865.
Early years
Born in Kensington, London, he w ...
as the editor.
''Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management'' and later, 1861–1865
The complete version of ''Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management'', consisting of the 24 collected monthly instalments, was published on 1 October 1861; it became one of the major publishing events of the nineteenth century. Beeton included an extensive 26-page "Analytical Index" in the book. Although not an innovation—it had been used in ''
The Family Friend
''The Family Friend'' ( it, L'amico di famiglia) is a 2006 Italian film directed by Paolo Sorrentino. It was entered into the 2006 Cannes Film Festival.
Plot
Geremia, an aging tailor/money lender, is a repulsive, mean, stingy man who lives in his ...
'' magazine since 1855—Hughes considers the index in the ''Book of Household Management'' to be "fabulously detailed and exhaustively cross-referenced". Of the 1,112 pages, over 900 contained recipes. The remainder provided advice on fashion, child care,
animal husbandry, poisons, the management of servants, science, religion, first aid and the importance in the use of local and seasonal produce. In its first year of publication, the book sold 60,000 copies.
It reflected
Victorian values, particularly hard work, thrift and cleanliness.
Christopher Clausen, in his study of the British middle classes, sees that Beeton "reflected better than anyone else, and for a larger audience, the optimistic message that mid-Victorian England was filled with opportunities for those who were willing to learn how to take advantage of them".
The food writer Annette Hope thinks that "one can understand its success. If ... young ladies knew nothing of domestic arrangements, no better book than this could have been devised for them."
![Isabella Beeton - Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management - title page](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Isabella_Beeton_-_Mrs_Beeton%27s_Book_of_Household_Management_-_title_page.jpg)
The reviews for ''Book of Household Management'' were positive. The critic for the ''
London Evening Standard
The ''Evening Standard'', formerly ''The Standard'' (1827–1904), also known as the ''London Evening Standard'', is a local free daily newspaper in London, England, published Monday to Friday in tabloid format.
In October 2009, after be ...
'' considered that Beeton had earned herself a household reputation, remarking that she had "succeeded in producing a volume which will be, for years to come, a treasure to be made much of in every English household".
The critic for the ''
Saturday Review'' wrote that "for a really valuable repertory of hints on all sorts of household matters, we recommend Mrs Beeton with few misgivings". The anonymous reviewer for ''The Bradford Observer'' considered that "the information afforded ... appears intelligible and explicit"; the reviewer also praised the layout of the recipes, highlighting details relating to ingredients, seasonality and the times needed.
Writing in ''
The Morning Chronicle
''The Morning Chronicle'' was a newspaper founded in 1769 in London. It was notable for having been the first steady employer of essayist William Hazlitt as a political reporter and the first steady employer of Charles Dickens as a journalist. It ...
'', an anonymous commentator opined that "Mrs Beeton has omitted nothing which tends to the comfort of housekeepers, or facilitates the many little troubles and cares that fall to the lot of every wife and mother. She may safely predict that this book will in future take precedence of every other on the same subject."
For the 1906 edition of the book, ''
The Illustrated London News
''The Illustrated London News'' appeared first on Saturday 14 May 1842, as the world's first illustrated weekly news magazine. Founded by Herbert Ingram, it appeared weekly until 1971, then less frequently thereafter, and ceased publication i ...
''s reviewer considered the work "a formidable body of domestic doctrine", and thought that "the book is almost of the first magnitude".
Samuel's business decisions from 1861 were unproductive and included an ill-advised investment in purchasing paper—in which he lost £1,000—and a court case over unpaid bills. His hubris in business affairs brought on financial difficulties and in early 1862 the couple had moved from their comfortable Pinner house to premises over their office. The air of central London was not conducive to the health of the Beetons' son, and he began to ail. Three days after Christmas his health worsened and he died on New Year's Eve 1862 at the age of three; his death certificate gave the cause as "suppressed scarlatina" and "laryngitis". In March 1863 Beeton found that she was pregnant again, and in April the couple moved to a house in
Greenhithe
Greenhithe is a village in the Borough of Dartford in Kent, England, and the civil parish of Swanscombe and Greenhithe. It is located east of Dartford and west of Gravesend.
Area
In the past, Greenhithe's waterfront on the estuary of the ri ...
,
Kent
Kent is a county in South East England and one of the home counties. It borders Greater London to the north-west, Surrey to the west and East Sussex to the south-west, and Essex to the north across the estuary of the River Thames; it faces ...
; their son, who they named Orchart, was born on New Year's Eve 1863. Although the couple had been through financial problems, they enjoyed relative prosperity during 1863, boosted by the sale of ''The Queen'' to
Edward Cox in the middle of the year.
In the middle of 1864 the Beetons again visited the Goubauds in Paris—the couple's third visit to the city—and Beeton was pregnant during the visit, just as she had been the previous year. On her return to Britain she began working on an abridged version of the ''Book of Household Management '', which was to be titled ''The Dictionary of Every-Day Cookery''. On 29 January 1865, while working on the proofs of the dictionary, she went into labour; the baby—Mayson Moss—was born that day. Beeton began to feel feverish the following day and died of
puerperal fever on 6 February at the age of 28.
![WNC Beeton](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/WNC_Beeton.JPG)
Beeton was buried at
West Norwood Cemetery
West Norwood Cemetery is a rural cemetery in West Norwood in London, England. It was also known as the South Metropolitan Cemetery.
One of the first private landscaped cemeteries in London, it is one of the " Magnificent Seven" cemeteries of ...
on 11 February. When ''The Dictionary of Every-Day Cookery'' was published in the same year, Samuel added a tribute to his wife at the end:
Legacy
In May 1866, following a severe downturn in his financial fortunes, Samuel sold the rights to the ''Book of Household Management '' to
Ward, Lock and Tyler (later Ward Lock & Co). The writer
Nancy Spain, in her biography of Isabella, reports that, given the money the company made from the Beetons' work, "surely no man ever made a worse or more impractical bargain" than Samuel did. In subsequent publications Ward Lock suppressed the details of the lives of the Beetons—especially the death of Isabella—in order to protect their investment by letting readers think she was still alive and creating recipes—what Hughes considers to be "intentional censorship". Those later editions continued to make the connection to Beeton in what Beetham considers to be a "fairly ruthless marketing policy which was begun by Beeton but carried on vigorously by Ward, Lock, and Tyler".
Those subsequent volumes bearing Beeton's name became less reflective of the original.
Since its initial publication the ''Book of Household Management '' has been issued in numerous hardback and paperback editions, translated into several languages and has never been out of print.
![Isabella Beeton](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Isabella_Beeton.jpg)
Beeton and her main work have been subjected to criticism over the course of the twentieth century. Elizabeth David complains of recipes that are "sometimes slapdash and misleading", although she acknowledges that
Prosper Montagné
Prosper Montagné (; 14 November 1865 – 22 April 1948) was one of the most renowned French chefs of the Belle Époque and author of many books and articles on food, cooking, and gastronomy, notably Larousse Gastronomique (1938), an encyclopedic ...
's ''
Larousse Gastronomique
' () is an encyclopedia of gastronomy. The majority of the book is about French cuisine, and contains recipes for French dishes and cooking techniques. The first edition included few non-French dishes and ingredients; later editions include many ...
'' also contains errors.
The television cook
Delia Smith
Delia Ann Smith (born 18 June 1941) is an English cook and television presenter, known for teaching basic cookery skills in a no-nonsense style. One of the best known celebrity chefs in British popular culture, Smith has influenced viewers t ...
admits she was puzzled "how on earth Mrs Beeton's book managed to utterly eclipse ...
cton'ssuperior work", while her fellow chef,
Clarissa Dickson Wright, opines that "It would be unfair to blame any one person or one book for the decline of English cookery, but Isabella Beeton and her ubiquitous book do have a lot to answer for." In comparison, the food writer
Bee Wilson opines that disparaging Beeton's work was only a "fashionable" stance to take and that the cook's writing "simply makes you want to cook".
Christopher Driver, the journalist and food critic, suggests that the "relative stagnation and want of refinement in the indigenous cooking of Britain between 1880 and 1930" may instead be explained by the "progressive debasement under successive editors, revises and enlargers". David comments that "when plain English cooks" were active in their kitchens, "they followed plain English recipes and chiefly those from the Mrs Beeton books or their derivatives". Dickson Wright considers Beeton to be a "fascinating source of information" from a social history viewpoint, and Aylett and Ordish consider the work to be "the best and most reliable guide for the scholar to the domestic history of the mid-Victorian era".
Despite the criticism, Clausen observes that "'Mrs. Beeton' has ... been for over a century the standard English cookbook, frequently outselling every other book but the Bible".
According to the ''
Oxford English Dictionary
The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' (''OED'') is the first and foundational historical dictionary of the English language, published by Oxford University Press (OUP). It traces the historical development of the English language, providing a co ...
'', the term ''Mrs Beeton'' became used as a generic name for "an authority on cooking and domestic subjects" as early as 1891,
and Beetham opines that "'Mrs. Beeton' became a trade mark, a brand name".
In a review by Gavin Koh published in a 2009 issue of ''
The BMJ
''The BMJ'' is a weekly peer-reviewed medical trade journal, published by the trade union the British Medical Association (BMA). ''The BMJ'' has editorial freedom from the BMA. It is one of the world's oldest general medical journals. Origi ...
'', ''Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management'' was labelled a medical classic. In Beeton's "attempt to educate the average reader about common medical complaints and their management", Koh argues, "she preceded the family health guides of today".
Robin Wensley, a professor of strategic management, believes that Beeton's advice and guidance on household management can also be applied to business management, and her lessons on the subject have stood the test of time better than some of her advice on cooking or etiquette.
Following the radio broadcast of ''Meet Mrs. Beeton'', a 1934 comedy in which Samuel was portrayed in an unflattering light, and ''Mrs Beeton'', a 1937 documentary, Mayston Beeton worked with
H. Montgomery Hyde to produce the biography ''Mr and Mrs Beeton'', although completion and publication were delayed until 1951. In the meantime Nancy Spain published ''Mrs Beeton and her Husband'' in 1948, updated and retitled in 1956 to ''The Beeton Story''. In the new edition Spain hinted at, but did not elucidate upon, on the possibility that Samuel contracted syphilis. Several other biographies followed, including from the historian Sarah Freeman, who wrote ''Isabella and Sam'' in 1977; Nown's ''Mrs Beeton: 150 Years of Cookery and Household Management'', published on the 150th anniversary of Beeton's birthday, and Hughes's ''The Short Life and Long Times of Mrs Beeton'', published in 2006.
Beeton was ignored by the ''
Dictionary of National Biography'' for many years: while Acton was included in the first published volume of 1885, Beeton did not have an entry until 1993.
There have been several television broadcasts about Beeton. In 1970
Margaret Tyzack
Margaret Maud Tyzack (9 September 193125 June 2011) was an English actress. Her television roles included '' The Forsyte Saga'' (1967) and '' I, Claudius'' (1976). She won the 1970 BAFTA TV Award for Best Actress for the BBC serial ''The First ...
portrayed her in a solo performance written by
Rosemary Hill,
in 2006
Anna Madeley
Anna Madeley (born 1 October 1976) is an English actress. She performed for three seasons with the Royal Shakespeare Company and has appeared in three off-West End productions. She has starred in productions on each of the main British televisi ...
played Beeton in a
docudrama,
and
Sophie Dahl
Sophie Dahl (born Sophie Holloway on 15 September 1977, later taking her mother's name for professional reasons) is an English author and former fashion model. Her first novel, ''The Man with the Dancing Eyes'', was published in 2003 followed b ...
presented a documentary, ''The Marvellous Mrs Beeton'', in the same year.
The literary historian Kate Thomas sees Beeton as "a powerful force in the making of middle-class Victorian domesticity",
while the
Oxford University Press
Oxford University Press (OUP) is the university press of the University of Oxford. It is the largest university press in the world, and its printing history dates back to the 1480s. Having been officially granted the legal right to print books ...
, advertising an abridged edition of the ''Book of Household Management'', considers Beeton's work a "founding text"
and "a force in shaping" the middle-class identity of the Victorian era.
Within that identity, the historian Sarah Richardson sees that one of Beeton's achievements was the integration of different threads of domestic science into one volume, which "elevat
dthe middle-class female housekeeper's role ... placing it in a broader and more public context". Nown quotes an unnamed academic who thought that "Mrs Beetonism has preserved the family as a social unit, and made social reforms a possibility", while Nicola Humble, in her history of British food, sees ''The Book of Household Management '' as "an engine for social change" which led to a "new cult of domesticity that was to play such a major role in mid-Victorian life". Nown considers Beeton
Notes and references
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External links
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''Beeton's Book of Household Management'' searchable online version
with original illustrations
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Beeton, Isabella
19th-century English non-fiction writers
19th-century British journalists
19th-century British women writers
1836 births
1865 deaths
Burials at West Norwood Cemetery
Deaths in childbirth
19th-century English businesspeople
English food writers
English women journalists
People from the City of London
Women food writers
Women of the Victorian era
Writers from London
Women cookbook writers
History of British cuisine