Mount Kiso Ontake
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, also referred to as , is the 14th highest mountain and second highest
volcano A volcano is a rupture in the crust of a planetary-mass object, such as Earth, that allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface. On Earth, volcanoes are most often found where tectonic plates are ...
in
Japan Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formally , ''Nihonkoku'') is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, while extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north ...
(after
Mount Fuji , or Fugaku, located on the island of Honshū, is the highest mountain in Japan, with a summit elevation of . It is the second-highest volcano located on an island in Asia (after Mount Kerinci on the island of Sumatra), and seventh-highest p ...
) at . It is included in ''
100 Famous Japanese Mountains is a book written in 1964 by mountaineer and author Kyūya Fukada.Hyakumeizan, Hiking Japan!
. Japan ...
''.


Description

Mt. Ontake is located around northeast of
Nagoya is the largest city in the Chūbu region, the fourth-most populous city and third most populous urban area in Japan, with a population of 2.3million in 2020. Located on the Pacific coast in central Honshu, it is the capital and the most pop ...
, and around 200 km (125 mi) west of Tokyo, at the borders of Kiso and ÅŒtaki,
Nagano Prefecture is a landlocked prefecture of Japan located in the Chūbu region of Honshū. Nagano Prefecture has a population of 2,052,493 () and has a geographic area of . Nagano Prefecture borders Niigata Prefecture to the north, Gunma Prefecture to the ...
, and
Gero Gero I ( – 20 May 965), sometimes called the Great ( la, magnus),Thompson, 486. Also se was a German nobleman who ruled an initially modest march centred on Merseburg in the south of the present German state of Saxony-Anhalt, which he expande ...
,
Gifu Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located in the Chūbu region of Honshu. Gifu Prefecture has a population of 1,991,390 () and has a geographic area of . Gifu Prefecture borders Toyama Prefecture to the north; Ishikawa Prefecture to the northwest, F ...
. The volcano has five
crater lake Crater Lake (Klamath language, Klamath: ''Giiwas'') is a volcanic crater lake in south-central Oregon in the western United States. It is the main feature of Crater Lake National Park and is famous for its deep blue color and water clarity. The ...
s, with at being the highest mountain lake in Japan. Ontake is a major sacred mountain, and following older
shamanist Shamanism is a religious practice that involves a practitioner (shaman) interacting with what they believe to be a spirit world through altered states of consciousness, such as trance. The goal of this is usually to direct spirits or spiritu ...
ic practices, actors and artists have gone to the mountain to put themselves into trances in order to get divine inspiration for their creative activities.


Eruptions

Ontake was thought to be inactive until October 1979, when it underwent a series of explosive
phreatic eruption A phreatic eruption, also called a phreatic explosion, ultravulcanian eruption or steam-blast eruption, occurs when magma heats ground water or surface water. The extreme temperature of the magma (anywhere from ) causes near-instantaneous evapo ...
s which ejected 200,000 tons of ash, and had a volcanic explosivity index (VEI) of 2. There were minor non-explosive (VEI 0) phreatic eruptions in 1991 and 2007. On Saturday, September 27, 2014, at around 11:53 a.m.
Japan Standard Time , or , is the standard time zone in Japan, 9 hours ahead of UTC ( UTC+09:00). Japan does not observe daylight saving time, though its introduction has been debated on several occasions. During World War II, the time zone was often referred to a ...
(UTC +9), the volcano erupted with a VEI of 3. There were no significant
earthquakes An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor or temblor) is the shaking of the surface of the Earth resulting from a sudden release of energy in the Earth's lithosphere that creates seismic waves. Earthquakes can range in intensity, from ...
that might have warned authorities in the lead up to the
phreatic eruption A phreatic eruption, also called a phreatic explosion, ultravulcanian eruption or steam-blast eruption, occurs when magma heats ground water or surface water. The extreme temperature of the magma (anywhere from ) causes near-instantaneous evapo ...
—caused by ground water flashing to steam in a
hydrothermal explosion Hydrothermal explosions occur when superheated water trapped below the surface of the earth rapidly converts from liquid to steam, violently disrupting the confining rock. Boiling water, steam, mud, and rock fragments are ejected over an area of a ...
. The Mount Ontake volcano eruption was an extremely rare phenomenon which made it difficult to take precautionary measures. At the time of the eruption, several hiking parties were undertaking ascents and descents of Ontake, with emergency descents having to be undertaken in the presence of ash clouds and falling rocks. 63 people were killed; five bodies were never found. The
Japan Self-Defense Forces The Japan Self-Defense Forces ( ja, 自衛隊, Jieitai; abbreviated JSDF), also informally known as the Japanese Armed Forces, are the unified ''de facto''Since Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution outlaws the formation of armed forces, the ...
began carrying out helicopter searches for missing people after the eruption.


Gallery


See also

*
100 Famous Japanese Mountains is a book written in 1964 by mountaineer and author Kyūya Fukada.Hyakumeizan, Hiking Japan!
. Japan ...
*
List of mountains in Japan The following is a list of the mountains and hills of Japan, ordered by height. Mountains over 1000 meters Mountains under 1000 meters As the generally accepted definition of a mountain (versus a hill) is 1000 m of height and 500 m of prom ...
*
List of Ultras of Japan This is a list of all the Ultra prominent peaks (with topographic prominence greater than 1,500 metres) in Japan. See also *List of mountains in Japan Sources ListMap {{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Ultras Of Japan Japan Ultras Mountains of Japan ...
*
List of volcanoes in Japan This is a list of active and extinct volcanoes in Japan. An Orange background indicates a volcano considered active by the Japan Meteorological Agency. Hokkaido Honshū Izu Islands Ogasawara Archipelago The Ogasawara Archipelag ...
*
Ontake Prefectural Natural Park is a Prefectural Natural Park in western Nagano Prefecture, Japan. Established in 1952, the park's central feature is Mount Ontake. The park spans the borders of the municipalities of Kiso and ÅŒtaki. See also * National Parks of Japan N ...
*
Three-thousanders (in Japan) There are 21 three-thousanders (mountains with elevations of or greater) in Japan. The tallest is Mount Fuji, at . Geography There are three-thousanders in the following regions: * The ''independent peaks'' of Mount Fuji and Mount Ontake. * In ...
*
OSJ Ontake SkyRace The OSJ Ontake SkyRace was an international skyrunning competition held for the first time in 2006 and till 2014. It rans every year in Nagano (Mount Ontake, Japan) in August. The race was valid for the Skyrunner World Series six times consecutivel ...


References


External links


Ontakesan
- Japan Meteorological Agency * - Japan Meteorological Agency
Ontakesan
- Smithsonian Institution: Global Volcanism Program {{DEFAULTSORT:Ontake, Mount Volcanic crater lakes Mountains of Gifu Prefecture Mountains of Nagano Prefecture Sacred mountains of Japan Volcanoes of Honshū Volcanoes of Gifu Prefecture Volcanoes of Nagano Prefecture