Thomas William (Bill) Ah Chow was a

Chinese-Australian Chinese Australians () are Australians of Overseas Chinese, Chinese ancestry. Chinese Australians are one of the largest groups within the global Overseas Chinese, Chinese diaspora, and are the largest Asian Australian community. Per capita, Au ...

soldier, farmer,

fire lookout A fire lookout (partly also called a fire watcher) is a person assigned the duty to look for fire from atop a building known as a fire lookout tower. These towers are used in remote areas, normally on mountain tops with high elevation and a ...

and legendary bushman of

East Gippsland East Gippsland is the eastern region of Gippsland, Victoria, Australia covering 31,740 square kilometres (14%) of Victoria. It has a population of 80,114. Australian Bureau of Statistics2006 Census Community Profile Series: East Gippsland (Sta ...

in Victoria. Bill's father, Thomas Ah Chow, was born in Hong Kong in 1834, educated in England, worked initially as a sea-cook and then as a ship's steward. He first arrived in NSW in 1855 aged 21 yrs where his spent his first two years. He later came to Victoria to ply the busy coastal route between Melbourne and

Port Albert Port Albert is a coastal town in Victoria, Australia, on the coast of Corner Inlet on the Yarram - Port Albert Road, south-east of Morwell, south-east of Melbourne, in the Shire of Wellington. At the , Port Albert had a population of 293. L ...

on steamers transporting miners and their equipment to Gippsland’s goldfields. However, the construction of the

Sale Canal Sale may refer to: Common meanings * Sales, the exchange of goods for profits * Sales, discounts and allowances in the prices of goods Places *Sale, Victoria, a city in Australia *Sale, Myanmar, a city *Sale, Greater Manchester, a town in Englan ...

between 1883 and 1890, which included the

Swing Bridge A swing bridge (or swing span bridge) is a movable bridge that has as its primary structural support a vertical locating pin and support ring, usually at or near to its center of gravity, about which the swing span (turning span) can then pi ...

at Longford, gave closer access to the

Port of Sale A port is a maritime facility comprising one or more wharves or loading areas, where ships load and discharge cargo and passengers. Although usually situated on a sea coast or estuary, ports can also be found far inland, such as Ham ...

for boats coming via the

Gippsland Lakes The Gippsland Lakes are a network of coastal lakes, marshes and lagoons in East Gippsland, Victoria, Australia covering an overall area of about between the rural towns of Lakes Entrance, Bairnsdale and Sale. The largest of the lakes are La ...

. This combined with the opening of the railway from Melbourne to Gippsland in 1877 spelled the ultimate demise of the coastal shipping to Port Albert. Thomas Ah Chow married Agnes Elizabeth Mason on 30 May 1872 and the newlyweds lived in South Melbourne or Emerald Hill as it was known then. The couple eventually settled at Mossiface near

Bruthen Bruthen is a small town located alongside the Tambo River between Bairnsdale and Ensay on the Great Alpine Road in East Gippsland, Victoria, Australia. At the 2016 census, Bruthen had a population of 814. Bruthen is east of Bairnsdale and eas ...

in about 1880 to become one of the early farming families of the region. Thomas William (Bill) Ah Chow was born at Bruthen on 11 September 1892 as the youngest of 13 children to Thomas and Agnes. Many Chinese came to the

Victorian gold rush The Victorian gold rush was a period in the history of Victoria, Australia approximately between 1851 and the late 1860s. It led to a period of extreme prosperity for the Australian colony, and an influx of population growth and financial capita ...

in the 1850s to seek their fortune at the

Omeo Omeo ( ) is a town in Victoria (Australia), Victoria, Australia on the Great Alpine Road, east of Mount Hotham, in the Shire of East Gippsland. At the 2016 Australian census, 2016 census, Omeo had a population of 406. The name is derived from a ...

and Cassilis diggings. Many of the immigrants later settled and integrated into their local communities working as farm labourers, tending market gardens, making furniture, running grocery stores and cafes or practising Chinese medicine. However, the large and sudden influx of Asian immigrants to the gold fields gave rise to wide-spread fears and prejudice about Chinese immigration to Australia. By the time of Federation in 1901, all Australian colonies had enacted legislation restricting Chinese immigration. These restrictions were part of the

White Australia Policy The White Australia policy is a term encapsulating a set of historical policies that aimed to forbid people of non-European ethnic origin, especially Asians (primarily Chinese) and Pacific Islanders, from immigrating to Australia, starting i ...

, which sought to ensure that the population remained predominantly

British subject The term "British subject" has several different meanings depending on the time period. Before 1949, it referred to almost all subjects of the British Empire (including the United Kingdom, Dominions, and colonies, but excluding protectorates ...

s or at least of European origin. The new

Federal Parliament The Parliament of Australia (officially the Federal Parliament, also called the Commonwealth Parliament) is the legislative branch of the government of Australia. It consists of three elements: the monarch (represented by the governor-gen ...

passed the

Immigration Restriction Act 1901 The Immigration Restriction Act 1901 was an Act of the Parliament of Australia which limited immigration to Australia and formed the basis of the White Australia policy which sought to exclude all non-Europeans from Australia. The law granted i ...

which allowed the Government to deny entry to people failing an onerous dictation test in any European language chosen by the immigration officer. These policies were progressively dismantled between 1949 and 1973.

Chinese ANZAC

When the

First World War World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...

was declared in 1914 Australia issued a call to arms. At the time, the population was approximately 4.9 million and around 420,000 Australians enlisted for service, representing nearly 40% of the male population aged between 18 and 44. However, under the White Australian Policy together with the Defence Act of 1909, those “not substantially of European origin or descent” were excluded from serving in the naval and military forces. Moreover, minimum physical requirements such as height and chest circumference made it difficult for young Chinese men of smaller stature to enlist. Bill Ah Chow - WW1

Bill Ah Chow attempted to enlist at least twice in the army, first at his home town of Bruthen on 6 May 1915, but was rejected because of his obvious Chinese appearance. Undeterred, he reapplied and was accepted two years later on 19 June 1917 at the nearby

City of Sale The City of Sale was a local government area located about east of Melbourne, the state capital of Victoria, Australia. The city covered an area of , and existed from 1863 until 1994. History Sale was first incorporated as a borough on 10 Aug ...

, where he wrote "No" on his attestation paper to the question "Have you ever been declared unfit for service in His Majesty’s service?" It is thought that the recruitment officer must have questioned his answer because it was crossed out and overwritten with a note "yes, not of sufficiently European appearance". However, by this time, the war in France was dragging on and restrictions were being relaxed and Thomas William Ah Chow was accepted. Bill was assigned to the 25th reinforcements of the 5th Battalion AIF and sailed to France on-board the ''HMAT A-32 Themistocles'' on 4 August 1917. While serving on the

Western Front Western Front or West Front may refer to: Military frontiers *Western Front (World War I), a military frontier to the west of Germany *Western Front (World War II), a military frontier to the west of Germany *Western Front (Russian Empire), a majo ...

in France, Bill was not only gassed but also wounded three times, once seriously of a gunshot wound to the right shoulder on 31 July 1918. Bill was repatriated to No 1 Australian Auxiliary Hospital which was set in the grounds of the stately Harefield Park near London and saw no further active service. He sailed home from England to Australia on-board the ''HMAT A-38 Ulysses'' on 18 January 1919. The community welcomed him with a civic reception at Mossiface on 26 March where he was presented with a small gold medallion. He was later medically discharged from the Army on 19 June 1919. Like many men of his generation, Bill Ah Chow rarely spoke of his wartime experiences. Overall the

community supported the war effort with around two hundred enlisting. Nineteen received gallantry awards and forty were killed in action. One of the most famous and decorated was sniper,

Billy Sing William Edward Sing, DCM (3 March 1886 – 19 May 1943) was an Australian soldier of Chinese and English descent who served in the Australian Imperial Force during World War I, best known as a sniper during the Gallipoli Campaign.Hamilton (2 ...

Farmer

Before the War, Bill took a job as a farm

roustabout Roustabout (Australia/New Zealand English: rouseabout) is an occupational term. Traditionally, it referred to a worker with broad-based, non-specific skills. In particular, it was used to describe show or circus workers who handled materials ...

and

boundary rider Boundary rider is a long-established (1864) Australasian term for a cattle or sheep station employee whose duties entail a regular tour (by horse, camel or motor vehicle) of the outer perimeter (boundary) of the property, checking condition of f ...

on the remote and historic Bindi Station east of Omeo which was established in 1834 and holds one of the earliest property titles issued in Victoria. In April 1912 he reported finding the dead body of Charlie Price at Scrubby Creek to Omeo police while he was out looking for bullocks. David Kelly was later charged with murder. After the War, Bill returned to Bruthen where he drove sheep and worked cattle. He married Myrtle Cox in 1920 and they initially lived in Swan Reach. The couple had two children Raymond William (1921) and Rose Myrtle (1923). In 1923 he applied for, and after some initial rejections was granted, two small allotments of land totalling 111-2-2 acres under the

Soldier Settlement Scheme Soldier settlement was the settlement of land throughout parts of Australia by returning discharged soldiers under soldier settlement schemes administered by state governments after World War I and World War II. The post-World War II settlement ...

in the Parish of Bumberrah near Mossiface. Bill stayed on his block until 30 March 1926 but his oat and maize crops were not a success. He also experienced significant medical problems, partly because of his war injuries, including shortness of breath and his shoulder injury proved a major impediment for life as a farmer. Bill and his family then moved to Buchan South and later to Ensay in the Upper Tambo Valley where they lived in the old school house on the edge of town. It is also believed that Bill helped to construct the wooden fire tower at Mt Nowa Nowa for the Forests Commission Victoria (FCV) in 1926/27 when he lived at Buchan South.

Fire Towerman

In the late 1930s, with his good local knowledge of the mountain ranges, Bill was offered a new job as a

over the summer months by the local Forest Commission Victoria (FCV) District Forester, Jim Westcott. Bill was paid a wage as a Fireguard plus allowances for camping and for providing his own riding horse, packhorse with packsaddle and saddle bags. Provisions and fodder for his horses, were purchased in

and delivered once a fortnight by the local FCV officer assigned to oversee the area. As a Fireguard, Bill’s primary role was to spot and report on

bushfires A wildfire, forest fire, bushfire, wildland fire or rural fire is an unplanned, uncontrolled and unpredictable fire in an area of combustible vegetation. Depending on the type of vegetation present, a wildfire may be more specifically identif ...

from Mt Nugong about 30 km east of Swifts Creek. Riding his horse and leading the pack horse loaded with a portable RC-16 radio (callsign VL3BB), heavy spare battery and the provisions for the day, he made the journey up the steep bridle path 3 km from Bentley's Plain to the summit. After unloading his packsaddles, Bill often let both his horses roam free to make their own way home back down to Bentley's Plain. The Forests Commission also established a Weather Observation Station at Bentley's Plain in 1950 and Bill read the thermometers, measured rainfall, estimated cloud cover, wind speed and direction, recorded the observations and transmitted the information by radio to the FCV office at Bruthen which were then sent to the

Bureau of Meteorology The Bureau of Meteorology (BOM or BoM) is an executive agency of the Australian Government responsible for providing weather services to Australia and surrounding areas. It was established in 1906 under the Meteorology Act, and brought together ...

once a month. At the end of the summer fire spotting season, and after the first good rain of autumn, Bill set off alone on his horse along the many bridle paths that cross-crossed the alpine country as far as the NSW border throwing matches along the way to burn forest fuels and reduce the bushfire risk. Bill would often rendezvous at Limestone Creek with another Fireguard, Charlie Pendergast based at Benambra on a similar expedition. When not on fire lookout duty Bill assisted local Forests Commission crews building nearby forest roads after the 1939 bushfires. The work entailed removing trees with explosives and dragging the stumps with his Clydesdale work horses. The horses also pulled a heavy plough to break out the formation, dragged a grader to shape the surface and moved sections of concrete culvert pipe. However there was still plenty of hard work for the men with hand tools as well handling the horses and explosives. The new roads provided access for firefighting and for logging crews. The nearby

Washington Winch The Washington Winch sits in the forests of eastern Victoria near Swifts Creek and is also known as the Washington Iron Works Skidder. Its rusting relics are close to Bentley Plain and the Moscow Villa hut which was built in 1942 by firetower m ...

was imported into Australia in 1920 and operated initially in Western Australia before being purchased by the Forests Commission for 1939 bushfire salvage logging the Central Highlands around

Noojee Noojee is a town in the Gippsland region of Victoria, Australia, north of Warragul and east of Melbourne, in the Baw Baw local government area. At the 2016 census, Noojee and the surrounding area had a population of 157. The town benefits from ...

. It was later sold and moved to its present site by local sawmilling company Ezards in 1959 where it operated until 1961–62. It remains the only high lead-skyline logging system left in Victoria and is listed on the State Heritage Register.

Mt Nugong Fire Tower

Mt Nugong sits at an elevation of 1482 m, about 3 km from Bentley’s Plain. The summit has commanding views over the extensive mountain forests as well as the

Tambo Valley The Tambo River or ''Berrawan'' is a perennial river of the Mitchell River catchment, located in the East Gippsland region of the Australian state of Victoria. With a total length in excess of , the Tambo River is one of the longest rivers in t ...

below and was one of a network of fire lookouts (hilltop clearings) and fire towers (built structures) created across Victoria as consequence of the Stretton Royal Commission into the disastrous 1939 Black Friday bushfires. Prior to a fire tower and Stanley Hut being built, there was no shelter from sun, wind or cold. In 1952 the Forests Commission scrounged a decommissioned control tower from the

RAAF "Through Adversity to the Stars" , colours = , colours_label = , march = , mascot = , anniversaries = RAAF Anniversary Commemoration ...

Bairnsdale Bairnsdale () ( Ganai: ''Wy-yung'') is a city in East Gippsland, Victoria, Australia in a region traditionally owned by the Tatungalung clan of the Gunaikurnai people. The estimated population of Bairnsdale urban area was 15,411 at Ju ...

Airfield, but the tubular-steel scaffold needed to transported and re-assembled by local FCV crews. There were many logistical difficulties erecting the heavy metal tower because there were no roads to the summit. The structure at Mt Nugong did not include the RAAF air traffic controllers cabin and was still open to the elements until a rudimentary shelter was added in about 1954. Bill often boasted about his eagle eyesight but also complained that the Forests Commission would not issue him binoculars. The new firetower was eventually equipped with an

alidade An alidade () (archaic forms include alhidade, alhidad, alidad) or a turning board is a device that allows one to sight a distant object and use the line of sight to perform a task. This task can be, for example, to triangulate a scale map on site ...

to record compass bearings to smoke sightings and lightning strikes as well as a fixed radio set to communicate with Bruthen or Swifts Creek.Bill Ah Chow. Moscow Villa mountain man. The Melbourne Age newspaper. 27 April 1960. Page 13. Bill worked for the Forests Commission as towerman at Mt Nugong for more than two decades until 1957 but sometimes came out of retirement when a replacement towerman couldn’t be found. This first tower survived two more decades before a storm blew it down in 1974 and it needed to be rebuilt.

Moscow Villa

When Bill became a fire spotter for

Forests Commission Victoria The Forests Commission Victoria (FCV) was the main government authority responsible for management and protection of State forests in Victoria, Australia between 1918 and 1983. The Commission was responsible for ″forest policy, prevention and ...

he camped at Bentley’s Plain on the Nunniong Plateau about 30 km east of Swifts Creek. Bentley’s Plain was named after John Bentley who was sentenced in 1866 along with James Neville before his Honour

Sir Redmond Barry Sir Redmond Barry, (7 June 181323 November 1880), was a colonial judge in Victoria, Australia of Anglo-Irish origins. Barry was the inaugural Chancellor of the University of Melbourne, serving from 1853 until his death in 1880. He is arguably ...

to two years with hard labour for stealing cattle.

Bill helped to build Commins Hut and cattle yards on Quinn’s Plain in 1937 for James (Jim) Commins and Charlie Duke who leased the Nunniong Cattle Run. It was used when mustering stock and Bill Ah Chow also stayed there prior to building his own hut. Bill then built himself a substantial log hut he named “Moscow Villa” which was completed in January 1942, on the day the

Battle of Moscow The Battle of Moscow was a military campaign that consisted of two periods of strategically significant fighting on a sector of the Eastern Front (World War II), Eastern Front during World War II. It took place between September 1941 and January ...

was won. Bill used local wood to build the hut and hand split the palings. Initially it had an iron chimney which was later replaced in 1975 by large one made of local stone. He lived in Moscow Villa during the summer months and in winter returned to his family in Ensay. While there are some variations to the story, which is common with oral history, bush folklore has it that Moscow Villa was visited at some stage between 1942 and 1947 by a party of senior Forests Commission officials which included Herbert Duncan Galbraith, the Divisional Inspector from Bairnsdale who later became Commissioner, whereupon Bill was challenged about his loyalty and the name of his hut. Bill swiftly retorted that he was not a communist and that the name was an acronym for “My Own Summer Cottage Officially Welcomes Visitors Inside Light Luncheon Available”. The visit was during the

McCarthyist McCarthyism is the practice of making false or unfounded accusations of subversion and treason, especially when related to anarchism, communism and socialism, and especially when done in a public and attention-grabbing manner. The term origina ...

era and the tensions of the

Cold War The Cold War is a term commonly used to refer to a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc. The term '' cold war'' is used because the ...

when Prime Minister

Sir Robert Menzies ''Sir'' is a formal honorific address in English for men, derived from Sire in the High Middle Ages. Both are derived from the old French "Sieur" (Lord), brought to England by the French-speaking Normans, and which now exist in French only as p ...

was attempting to ban the

Communist Party of Australia The Communist Party of Australia (CPA), known as the Australian Communist Party (ACP) from 1944 to 1951, was an Australian political party founded in 1920. The party existed until roughly 1991, with its membership and influence having been i ...

. Bill's quick wit and humour prevailed and his hut retained its quirky name. Bill had a reputation for welcoming walkers, fisherman and foresters into his comfortable hut to sit around the fire, to share a meal, and enjoy an evening of bush yarns. He was also very proud of his Chinese heritage and would, with little encouragement, don traditional dress for his guests. Moscow Villa is currently maintained by the Department of Environment Land Water and Planning (DELWP) with the support of the Victorian High Country Huts Association and is one of the very few traditional mountain huts to have survived bushfires, neglect and vandalism and remains Bill Ah Chows’ legacy as a popular camping site and snow refuge. The floor was replaced and rotten timbers removed in 1999, and once again in 2018. The stone chimney was built in 1975 by local Forests Commission crew (Brian Shelton, George Gallagher, Gary Antonoff & Peter Walker). The inside loft and wooden table were made by the local DELWP carpenter Brendan Purcell and Bill's family provided material and photos for the information boards inside.

Inconsistencies with some of Bill's historical records

Thomas William (Bill) Ah Chow died on 18 August 1967 at

, aged 74*, and is buried at Ensay cemetery. * However, some interesting but minor discrepancies come to light when studying Bill's headstone at the Ensay Cemetery. The simple

Department of Veteran Affairs Veterans' affairs is an area of public policy concerned with relations between a government and its communities of military veterans. Some jurisdictions have a designated government agency or department, a Department of Veterans' Affairs, Minist ...

brass plaque displays a small Christian Cross, Rising Sun Badge of the ADF and cameo photo of Bill (which is the key link) and describes the grave as belonging to "William” Ah Chow rather than "Thomas William” Ah Chow and his age of death is incorrectly stated as 70 rather than 74. These anomalies were double checked against his World War I Army Service records held in the Australian National Archives, the

Australian War Memorial The Australian War Memorial is Australia's national memorial to the members of its armed forces and supporting organisations who have died or participated in wars involving the Commonwealth of Australia and some conflicts involving pe ...

records, the Victorian Register of Births, Deaths and Marriages and those held at the Victorian Public Record Office. They reveal: #The Victorian Register of Births, Deaths and Marriages records "William Thomas” Ah Chow as being born at Bruthen in 1892 with his father as Thomas and his mother Agnes (Mason). #When Bill first tried to enlist in the Army on 6 May 1915 he has clearly handwritten "Thomas William" at the top of his attestation papers and signed as "Thomas William" at the bottom. He states his father, Thomas Ah Chow from Mossiface/Bruthen, as his next-of-kin and correctly states his age as 22 years, 8 months (ie. born September 1892). #At his second successful attempt to enlist on 19 June 1917 he has once again written "Thomas William" at the top but this time signed as "William Thomas" at the bottom. He also states his age incorrectly as 25 years and 9 months. (ie. born September 1891). #The Australian National Archives have all his military records stored under “Thomas William” AhChow (one word). All the correspondence on his file is signed T W Ah Chow. #The Australian War Memorial has Bill listed as Private No. 7740 "Thomas William" Ah Chow on the 1917 embarkation roll. #But records show he married Myrtle Cox on 22 December 1920 as “William Thomas” Ah Chow. #Then his application for land under the Soldier Settlement Scheme in April 1923 was made under the name and signature of “Thomas William” Ah Chow, aged 30 (ie. born September 1892). #Lastly, the Victorian Register of Births, Deaths and Marriages record that “William Thomas” Ah Chow died at Omeo in 1967, aged 74, and both his place of birth and parents names coincide with those on his birth certificate. There is no suggestion of impropriety and no explanation is advanced. However, these inconsistencies make it difficult for family genealogists. But to everyone who knew him, he was simply Bill.

Gallery

File:Thomas William (Bill) Ah Chow - Original family Home Mossiface.jpg, Thought to be Bill's family home in Mossiface (circa 1905) File:Thomas William (Bill) Ah Chow - his father Thomas Ah Chow.jpg, Thomas Ah Chow - Bill's father (circa 1905) File:Thomas William (Bill) Ah Chow - age 15yrs.tif, Young Thomas William Ah Chow aged 15. File:Thomas William (Bill) Ah Chow - at home at Mossiface before being deployed to WW1.jpg, Thomas William Ah Chow - Aug 1917 before heading of to WW1 File:Ensay - Upper Tambo River Valley - c 1900.jpg, Ensay - Upper Tambo Valley. Circa 1900. File:Moscow Villa - circa late 1940s.jpg, Moscow Villa - 1949. With iron chimney File:Bill ah Chow at Moscow Villa.jpg, Moscow Villa - summer 1952/53. Canvas shelter at front. Source: Athol Hodgson File:Thomas William Ah Chow - Bentley Plain. 1951. Moscow Villa inside view.tif, Inside Moscow Villa - 1951 File:Bill Ah Chow with horses - circa 1950. Possibly at Ensay.jpg, Bill Ah Chow with horses - probably at Ensay. File:Bill ah Chow at Moscow villa with two unidentified bushwalkers - circa 1950.jpg, Bill Ah Chow at Moscow Villa with two unidentified bushwalkers File:Bill ah Chow - Museum Victoria image.jpg, Bill Ah Chow. Museum Victoria image. Circa 1939 File:Thomas William (Bill) Ah Chow - in his Chinese Robes.tif, Thomas William Ah Chow - Chinese costume (circa 1950) File:Bill ah Chow in traditional robes - colour version via Athol Hodgson.jpg, Thomas William Ah Chow - Studio Photo File:Thomas William (Bill) Ah Chow - burning off - Bentley Plain.tif, Burning off near Moscow Villa. Circa 1951 File:Thomas William (Bill) Ah Chow - Forests Commission Camp.tif, Thomas William Ah Chow - at Forests Commission Victoria camp. Circa 1951 File:Thomas William (Bill) Ah Chow - Bentley Plain carrying water to Moscow Villa.tif, Collecting water near Moscow Villa. Circa 1951 File:Thomas William (Bill) Ah Chow - shodding his horse - Bentley Plains.tif, Moscow Villa - 1951 File:Bill ah Chow at Moscow Villa in suit.jpg, Bill Ah Chow at Moscow Villa. circa 1955 File:Forests Commission Victoria - fire lookouts and fire towers 1945.jpg, Forests Commission Victoria - network of fire lookouts (hilltop clearings) and fire tower structures - 1945. Mt Nugong was a lookout. File:Mt Nowa Nowa fire tower.jpg, Mt Nowa Nowa fire tower was built in 1926/27 by the Forests Commission Victoria. It is believed that Bill Ah Chow helped with its construction. Photo Jim McKinty 1949. File:Mt Nugong Fire Lookout.jpg, Mt Nugong. The cabin was added in about 1954/55. Photo taken by Melbourne bushwalking club. File:Moscow villa03 oct 2006.jpg, Moscow Villa - 2003 File:Moscow villa oct 2006.jpg, Moscow Villa in 2006. The large stone chimney was added in 1975 by local FCV crews. File:Washington winch.jpg, The historic

is near to Moscow Villa.

References

External links

McHugh, Peter. (2020). Forests and Bushfire History of Victoria : A compilation of short stories, Victoria. https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-2899074696/view FCRPA - Forests Commission Retired Personnel Association (Peter McHugh) - https://victoriasforestryheritage.org.au {{DEFAULTSORT:Ah Chow, Thomas William 20th-century Chinese people 20th-century Australian people Chinese farmers Australian farmers Forestry in Australia Gippsland (region) 1892 births 1967 deaths