The Bashkirian is in the

ICS ICS may refer to: Computing * Image Cytometry Standard, a digital multidimensional image file format used in life sciences microscopy * Industrial control system, computer systems and networks used to control industrial plants and infrastructu ...

geologic timescale The geologic time scale, or geological time scale, (GTS) is a representation of time based on the rock record of Earth. It is a system of chronological dating that uses chronostratigraphy (the process of relating strata to time) and geochronol ...

the lowest stage or oldest age of the

Pennsylvanian Pennsylvanian may refer to: * A person or thing from Pennsylvania * Pennsylvanian (geology) The Pennsylvanian ( , also known as Upper Carboniferous or Late Carboniferous) is, in the International Commission on Stratigraphy, ICS geologic timesca ...

. The Bashkirian age lasted from to Ma, is preceded by the Serpukhovian and is followed by the

Moscovian Moscovian may refer to: *An inhabitant of Moscow, the capital of Russia *Something of, from, or related to Moscow *Moscovian (Carboniferous) The Moscovian is in the International Commission on Stratigraphy, ICS geologic timescale a stage (strati ...

. The Bashkirian overlaps with the upper part of the Namurian and lower part of the Westphalian stages from regional European stratigraphy. It also overlaps with the North American Morrowan and Atokan stages and the Chinese Luosuan and lower Huashibanian stages.

Name and definition

The Bashkirian was named after Bashkiria, the then Russian name of the republic of Bashkortostan in the southern Ural Mountains of Russia, home of the Bashkir people. The stage was introduced by Russian stratigrapher

Sofia Semikhatova Sofia ( ; bg, София, Sofiya, ) is the capital and largest city of Bulgaria. It is situated in the Sofia Valley at the foot of the Vitosha mountain in the western parts of the country. The city is built west of the Iskar river, and ha ...

in 1934. The base of the Bashkirian is at the first appearance of

conodont Conodonts (Greek ''kōnos'', "cone", + ''odont'', "tooth") are an extinct group of agnathan (jawless) vertebrates resembling eels, classified in the class Conodonta. For many years, they were known only from their tooth-like oral elements, which ...

species ''Declinognathodus noduliferus''. The top of the stage (the base of the Moscovian) is at the first appearance of the conodonts ''Declinognathodus donetzianus'' or ''Idiognathoides postsulcatus'', or at the first appearance of fusulinid '' Aljutovella aljutovica''. The GSSP ( type location for the base of a stage) for the Bashkirian is in the Battleship Wash Formation at Arrow Canyon, Nevada.; 1999: ''The IUGS boundary in the middle of the Carboniferous: Arrow Canyon, Nevada, USA'', Episodes 22(4), pp 272–283.

Subdivision

The Bashkirian contains six biozones based on conodont index fossils: * ''

Neognathodus ''Neognathodus'' is an extinct genus of conodonts. Use in stratigraphy The Bashkirian, the oldest age of the Pennsylvanian (also known as Upper Carboniferous), contains six biozones based on conodont index fossils, two of which contain ''Neo ...

atokaensis'' Zone * ''

Declinognathodus ''Declinognathodus'' is an extinct genus of platform conodonts. Use in stratigraphy The Bashkirian, the oldest age of the Pennsylvanian (also known as Upper Carboniferous), contains six biozones based on conodont index fossils, two of which ...

marginodosus'' Zone * ''

Idiognathodus sinuosus ''Idiognathodus'' is an extinct conodont genus in the family Idiognathodontidae. Use in stratigraphy The species ''Idiognathodus simulator'' made its first appearance during the Gzhelian, the youngest age of the Pennsylvanian (late Carbonifer ...

'' Zone * ''Neognathodus askynensis'' Zone * ''

Idiognathoides sinuatus ''Idiognathoides'' is an extinct genus of conodonts. Glen K. Merrill stated in 1963 that "conodont workers have considered ''Idiognathoides'' to be a junior synonym of ''Polygnathodella'' but it now proves to be a junior synonym of '' Cavusgnat ...

'' Zone * ''Declinognathodus noduliferus'' Zone

References

Literature

*; 2006: ''Global time scale and regional stratigraphic reference scales of Central and West Europe, East Europe, Tethys, South China, and North America as used in the Devonian–Carboniferous–Permian Correlation Chart 2003 (DCP 2003)'', Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 240(1-2): pp 318–372.

External links

Carboniferous timescale
at the website of the Norwegian network of offshore records of geology and stratigraphy

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