The Morgan family is an American family and banking dynasty, which became prominent in the U.S. and throughout the world in the late 19th century and early 20th century. Members of the family amassed an immense fortune over the generations, primarily through the noted work of John Pierpont (J. P.) Morgan (1837–1913). Morgan members were notable for dominating the banking industry during their time. J. P. Morgan was the de facto leader of this dynasty, having been the most prominent businessman in America at the turn of the century. He revolutionized numerous industries, including electricity, railroad, and steel. Through his business methods, he was highly successful in asserting his power as one of the most influential businessmen in America. Historians describe the Morgan family along with its web of partners to be part of the large American banking empire known as the House of Morgan. It is difficult to place an exact beginning and end date on the dynasty. However, many scholars attribute the death of J. P. Morgan to the end of the banking dynasty. American journalist and historian

Ron Chernow Ronald Chernow (; born March 3, 1949) is an American writer, journalist and biographer. He has written bestselling historical non-fiction biographies. He won the 2011 Pulitzer Prize for Biography and the 2011 American History Book Prize for hi ...

wrote about the prominence of this dynasty under J. S. Morgan and J. P. Morgan. In '' The House of Morgan: An American Banking Dynasty and the Rise of Modern Finance'', he chronicles the lives of the Morgans, whose lives are "encrusted with legend... ripe with mystery, ndexposed to such bitter polemics".

History

The Morgan family originated in

Wales Wales ( cy, Cymru ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It is bordered by England to the east, the Irish Sea to the north and west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the Bristol Channel to the south. It had a population in ...

during the 17th century. Born in

Llandaff Llandaff (; cy, Llandaf ; from 'church' and ''River Taff, Taf'') is a district, Community (Wales), community and coterminous electoral ward in the north of Cardiff, capital of Wales. It was incorporated into the city in 1922. It is the seat of ...

, Glamorgan County,

Miles Morgan Miles Morgan (1616 – 28 May 1699) was a Welsh colonist of America, a pioneer settler of what was to become Springfield, Massachusetts. Being one of the few settlers whose homesteads were successfully defended during the Attack on Springfield, M ...

was the son of William Morgan. At the age of 20, Miles sailed for America, along with his brothers, John and James, seeking new opportunities in the New World. Arriving in April 1636, he landed in the

Massachusetts Bay Colony The Massachusetts Bay Colony (1630–1691), more formally the Colony of Massachusetts Bay, was an English settlement on the east coast of North America around the Massachusetts Bay, the northernmost of the several colonies later reorganized as th ...

. Settling in Roxbury and later

Springfield, Massachusetts Springfield is a city in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, United States, and the seat of Hampden County. Springfield sits on the eastern bank of the Connecticut River near its confluence with three rivers: the western Westfield River, the ...

, Miles met Prudence Gilbert, his future wife. Miles was a soldier during the sack of Springfield. He later worked on a farm and lived a comfortable life. He continued living in the city until the age of eighty-three. One of his sons, Nathaniel, continued the legacy of the Morgan name by becoming a powerful member of his small town. Nathaniel had many professions in his town, including

Fence Viewer A fence viewer is a town or city official who administers fence laws by inspecting new fences and settles disputes arising from trespass by livestock that have escaped enclosure. The office of fence viewer is one of the oldest appointments in New E ...

, hayward, field driver,

constable A constable is a person holding a particular office, most commonly in criminal law enforcement. The office of constable can vary significantly in different jurisdictions. A constable is commonly the rank of an officer within the police. Other peop ...

, surveyor, and assessor. He married Hannah Bird on January 19, 1691, daughter of James Bird of

Farmington, CT Farmington is a town in Hartford County in the Farmington Valley area of central Connecticut in the United States. The population was 26,712 at the 2020 census. It sits 10 miles west of Hartford at the hub of major I-84 interchanges, 20 miles s ...

. Nathaniel's son, Joseph Morgan, was the fifth of seven children. Born on December 3, 1702, Joseph began to learn to weave at a young age. At the age of 21, he became a soldier in the company of Captain Josiah Kellogg of Suffield. Upon his father's death, he inherited part of Chicopee Field. He married Mary Stebbins in 1735 and raised a family on a farm of two hundred acres. Upon his death, he gave much of his property to sons Joseph, Jr., and Titus. Joseph, Jr. was elected Lieutenant and later Captain of the 8th Company in the 3rd Regiment of the

Hampshire County, Massachusetts Hampshire County is a historical and judicial county located in the U.S. state of Massachusetts. Following the dissolution of the county government in 1999, county affairs were managed by the Hampshire Council of Governments, which itself ceas ...

militia on April 26, 1776. Upon his death, one of his sons, Joseph III, received 112 acres of land. Joseph III was the first to enter the financial industry, which is what the family is known for today. He left the family business of working on farms behind. In 1812, he joined the Washington Benevolent Society as a private banker. He moved the family to Hartford, which existed as one of the most prominent trade centers in the Connecticut River Valley. In November 1816, he purchased the Hartford Exchange Coffee House, where he acted as an innkeeper. It stood as the focal point of all business affairs and social activities in the area; the idea of meeting new clients and collaborating with other businessmen in these coffee shops and inns allowed for the growth of the industry in America. In July 1825, he bought the Hartford Bank. Joseph III purchased and reorganized the Hartford Fire Insurance Company into the Aetna Fire Insurance Company. (Many of these business deals were conducted at his inn, which acted as a hub for businessmen.) After a fire struck several

New York City New York, often called New York City or NYC, is the List of United States cities by population, most populous city in the United States. With a 2020 population of 8,804,190 distributed over , New York City is also the L ...

buildings, which held insurance plans from Aetna, Joseph Morgan III made prompt payments to the companies. New business suddenly poured in, as the insurance company was seen as highly reliable and trustworthy. The partners of the firm and the stockholders made large sums of money in future years. After moving from the farming business to the coffee house business, Joseph III decided it was time to turn to finance. He purchased the City Hotel on Main Street, which he renovated and cleaned up; business at the hotel boomed like never before. He married Sarah Morgan (née Spencer), who was the Director of the Hartford Orphan Asylum. He acted as a director of the firm until his death. Junius Spencer (J. S.) Morgan, Joseph III's son, played a prominent role in the banking industry. From a young age, he showed interest in entering the business field like his father. In 1829, at the age of 15, he worked as an apprentice with a merchant, Alfred Welles, in Boston. Following that, he worked at some firms including: * Morgan, Ketchum, and Company of New York (1834–1836) * Howe, Mather, and Company; later known as Mather, Morgan, and Company (1836–1851) * J. M. Beebe, Morgan, and Company (1851–1854), Boston's largest mercantile bank at the time * George Peabody and Company (1854–1864) In 1864, Junius Morgan changed the name of George Peabody and Company to J. S. Morgan and Company. Under his leadership, it became one of the most prominent banking firms in both America and Europe. At the age of 64, J. S. Morgan retired. Perhaps the most prominent member of the family is J. P. Morgan (1837–1913), son of J. S. Morgan. He became exposed to his father's business deals at an early age. He worked as an accountant until eventually becoming a partner at Drexel, Morgan & Co. in 1871. By 1885, he began buying out railroads and reorganizing them. Through his business strategies, the term "Morganization" was coined to describe his method of creating

monopolies A monopoly (from Greek el, μόνος, mónos, single, alone, label=none and el, πωλεῖν, pōleîn, to sell, label=none), as described by Irving Fisher, is a market with the "absence of competition", creating a situation where a speci ...

through buying companies, eliminating competition, and cutting costs. By the turn of the century, he became incredibly successful in his business endeavors, controlling most of the major industries in America. During the

Panic of 1907 The Panic of 1907, also known as the 1907 Bankers' Panic or Knickerbocker Crisis, was a financial crisis that took place in the United States over a three-week period starting in mid-October, when the New York Stock Exchange fell almost 50% from ...

, J. Pierpont Morgan bailed out the U.S. government. The key characteristic of the Morgan banking style, perpetuated by J. P. Morgan, exists where banks "perpetuate an ancient European tradition of wholesale banking, serving governments, large corporations, and rich individuals". J. Pierpont Morgan was also a member of numerous social clubs including the

Union League The Union Leagues were quasi-secretive men’s clubs established separately, starting in 1862, and continuing throughout the Civil War (1861–1865). The oldest Union League of America council member, an organization originally called "The Leag ...

New York Yacht Club The New York Yacht Club (NYYC) is a private social club and yacht club based in New York City and Newport, Rhode Island. It was founded in 1844 by nine prominent sportsmen. The members have contributed to the sport of yachting and yacht design. ...

, and

Knickerbocker Club The Knickerbocker Club (known informally as The Knick) is a gentlemen's club in New York City that was founded in 1871. It is considered to be the most exclusive club in the United States and one of the most aristocratic gentlemen's clubs in th ...

. In 1891, he also founded his own club, the

Metropolitan Club The Metropolitan Club of New York is a private social club on the Upper East Side of Manhattan in New York City. It was founded as a gentlemen's club in 1891 for men only, but it was one of the first major clubs in New York to admit women, t ...

. Famous members included

Cornelius Vanderbilt Cornelius Vanderbilt (May 27, 1794 – January 4, 1877), nicknamed "the Commodore", was an American business magnate who built his wealth in railroads and shipping. After working with his father's business, Vanderbilt worked his way into lead ...

Darius Ogden Mills Darius Ogden Mills (September 25, 1825 – January 3, 1910) was a prominent American banker and philanthropist. For a time, he was California's wealthiest citizen. Early life Mills was born in North Salem, in Westchester County, New York ...

, and more. The club had 1200 resident and 500 non-resident members at its founding. These social clubs were important in establishing relationships among powerful leaders of American society. Modeled after British social clubs, these organizations had people who held a tremendous influence over everyday life, such as bankers, politicians, lawyers, and railroad tycoons. J. P. Morgan's legacy was continued by his son of the same name, although his son never became as prominent as his father. Born in 1867, John Pierpont Morgan, Jr. attended

Harvard University Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Founded in 1636 as Harvard College and named for its first benefactor, the Puritan clergyman John Harvard, it is the oldest institution of higher le ...

, class of 1889. Also known as "Jack", he entered the banking industry, like his father, becoming a partner at Drexel, Morgan and Company, Bankers and Brokers of New York City in 1892. He helped in the establishment of J.P. Morgan and Company, which was founded in 1894. Yet, his life marked the decline and fall of the Morgan dynasty. With the passage of the Glass-Steagall Act in 1933, which restricted the merging of

investment Investment is the dedication of money to purchase of an asset to attain an increase in value over a period of time. Investment requires a sacrifice of some present asset, such as time, money, or effort. In finance, the purpose of investing i ...

and

commercial bank A commercial bank is a financial institution which accepts deposits from the public and gives loans for the purposes of consumption and investment to make profit. It can also refer to a bank, or a division of a large bank, which deals with co ...

s, came the end of the period of Robber barons and banking dominance. Thus, J. P. Morgan and Company became a commercial bank, and

Morgan Stanley Morgan Stanley is an American multinational investment management and financial services company headquartered at 1585 Broadway in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. With offices in more than 41 countries and more than 75,000 employees, the fir ...

an investment bank. Through new legislation, and a growing public resentment against big business, the opportunities for Jack were rare compared to his predecessors. Additionally, Jack suffered from many ailments, such as neuritis, to the point where he had to resign from numerous positions. Lastly, The bankers of the pre-1913 Baronial Age are said to have been the “lords of creation”, since they catapulted the

American economy The United States is a highly developed mixed-market economy and has the world's largest nominal GDP and net wealth. It has the second-largest by purchasing power parity (PPP) behind China. It has the world's seventh-highest per capita GDP ...

into an industrial powerhouse of production and power. This unprecedented development became attributed to the Morgan banking style. The Morgan family are members of the Episcopal Church.

Wealth

By one estimate,

J. P. Morgan John Pierpont Morgan Sr. (April 17, 1837 – March 31, 1913) was an American financier and investment banker who dominated corporate finance on Wall Street throughout the Gilded Age. As the head of the banking firm that ultimately became known ...

(1837–1913) is believed to have been the 24th richest American in history, inflation-adjusted. His fortune is believed to have grown to about $38 billion (2007 USD). According to historians Michael M. Klepper and Robert E. Gunther, Morgan had one of the highest wealth: GNP ratios in American history. In their book, ''The Wealthy 100: From Benjamin Franklin to Bill Gates'', Morgan's wealth:GNP ratio was 328. At the time, his fortune equaled around $119 billion.

Genealogy

William Morgan Branch

* William Morgan (1582–1649) m. Elizabeth Morgan (née Morgan), the father-in-law of

William Morgan (of Machen and Tredegar) Sir William Morgan (c. 1640 – 28 April 1680) was a Welsh landowner and politician who sat in the House of Commons of England between 1659 and 1680. Life William Morgan was the eldest son and heir of Sir Thomas Morgan (died 1664), and his ...

. ** John Morgan (1605–1699) ** James Morgan (1607–1685) **

(1616–1699) m. (1) Prudence Morgan (née Gilbert) m. (2) Elizabeth Morgan (née Bliss) *** Mary Morgan (1644–1683) m. Edmund Primrides, then Nicholas Rust *** Burt Jonathan Morgan (1646–1714) m. Sarah Morgan (née Cooley) *** David Morgan (1648–1731) m. Mary Morgan (née Clark) *** Pelatiah Morgan (1650–1675) m. Lydia Morgan (née unknown) *** Isaac Morgan (1652–1706) m. Abigail Morgan (née Gardner) *** Lydia Morgan (1654–1737) m. (1) Edmund Marshall m. (2) John Pierce *** Hannah Morgan (1656–1697) m. Samuel Terry, II *** Mercy Morgan (1658–1660) *** Nathaniel Morgan (1671–1752) m. Hannah Morgan (née Bird) **** Nathaniel Morgan (1692–1763) **** Samuel Morgan (1694–1777) m. Rachel Morgan (née Smith) **** Ebenezer Morgan (1696–1770) m. Abigail Morgan (née Ashley), then m. Lydia Morgan **** Hannah Morgan (1698–1784) m. Joseph Kellogg **** Miles Morgan (1700–1783) m. Lydia Morgan (née Day) **** Joseph Morgan (1702–1786) m. Mary Morgan (née Stebbins) ***** Joseph Morgan, Jr. (1736–1813) m. Experience Morgan (née Smith) ****** Eurydice Morgan (b. 1765) ****** Huldah Morgan (1767–1770) ****** Huldah Morgan (b. 1770) ****** Nancy Morgan (1772–1835) ****** Achsah Morgan (1774–1868) ****** Elizabeth Morgan (1782-1850) married Thomas Snow (1778-1838) ****** Joseph Morgan III (1780–1847) m. Sarah Morgan (née Spencer) ******* Mary Morgan (1808–1897) ******* Lucy Morgan (1811–1890) ******* Junius Spencer Morgan (1813–1890) m. Juliet Pierpont ''(See Junius Spencer Morgan Branch Below)'' ****** Betsey Morgan (1782–1786) ***** Titus Morgan (1737–1739) ***** Titus Morgan (1740–1834) m. Sarah Morgan (née Morgan) ***** Lucas Morgan (b. 1742/3) ***** Elizabeth Morgan (1745–1782) m. Thomas White, Jr. ***** Judah Morgan (b. 1748/9) m. Elizabeth Shivoy ***** Jesse Morgan (b. 1748) ***** Hannah Morgan (b. 1751/2) m. John Legg **** James Morgan (1705–1786) m. Mercy Morgan (née Bliss) **** Isaac Morgan, II (c. 1707 – 1796) m. Ruth Morgan (née Alvord) **** Elizabeth Morgan (1710–1745)

Junius Spencer Morgan Branch

* Junius Spencer (J.S.) Morgan (1813–1890) m. Juliet (Julia) Morgan (née Pierpont) ** John Pierpont (J.P.) Morgan (1837–1913) m. (1) Amelia Sturges (1835–1862) m. (2) Frances Louisa Morgan (née Tracy) *** Louisa Pierpont Morgan (1866–1946) m. Herbert "Penny" Livingston Satterlee *** John Pierpont Morgan, Jr. (1867–1943) m. Jane Norton Morgan (née Grew) ****

Junius Spencer Morgan III Junius Spencer Morgan III (March 15, 1892 – October 19, 1960) was an American banker and a director of the Morgan Guaranty Trust Company. Early life Junius Spencer Morgan III was born on March 15, 1892, to Jane Norton Grew and Jack Morga ...

(1892–1960) m. 1944: Louise Converse ***** John Pierpont Morgan II (1918-2004) m. Claire Byrd Ober (1922-2008) ****** Junius Spencer Morgan IV m. 1970: Patricia Adele Milton ****** John Pierpont Morgan III m. 1977: Bonnie Allis Barr ****** Linda Louise Morgan m. 1945: John Joseph Filz ****** Frederick C. Morgan ******* Samantha Morgan ******* John (Jack) Pierpont Morgan V ***** Louise Morgan (1917-2006) m. Raymond Clark, then Charles R. Hook, Jr. (d. 1961) ****** Raymond Clark, Jr., Junius Clark, Jonathan Clark, Leah h. Hook ***** Ann Morgan (1923-2019) m. 1957: Henry Simoneau **** Jane Norton Morgan (1893-1981) m George Nichols (1878-1950) ***** Jane Norton Nichols (1918-1998) m. 1942 Walter H. Page II (1915-1999, son of Arthur W. Page) **** Frances Tracy Morgan (1897–1989) m. 1917: Paul Geddes Pennoyer (1890–1970). ***** Robert Morgan Pennoyer (b. 1925) m. Victoria Parsons (1928–2013) ****** Tracy Pennoyer m. 1988: John Winthrop Auchincloss II (son of

Louis Auchincloss Louis Stanton Auchincloss (; September 27, 1917 – January 26, 2010)Holcomb B. Noble and Charles McGrath''The New York Times''. Retrieved on January 27, 2010. was an American lawyer, novelist, historian, and essayist. He is best known as a novel ...

) ******

Peter Pennoyer Peter Morgan Pennoyer FAIA (born on February 19, 1957) is an architect and the principal of Peter Pennoyer Architects, an architecture firm based in New York City. Pennoyer, his four partners and his fifty associates have an international practice ...

(b. 1957) m. 1988: Katherine Lee "Katie" Ridder (granddaughter of Bernard J. Ridder) ****

Henry Sturgis Morgan Henry Sturgis Morgan Sr. (October 24, 1900 – February 8, 1982) was an American banker, known for being the co-founder of Morgan Stanley and the president and chairman of the Morgan Library & Museum. Early life and education Morgan was b ...

(1900–1982), co-founder of Morgan Stanley m. Catherine Morgan (née Adams) ***** Henry Sturgis Morgan Jr. (1924–2011) m. (1) 1945: Fanny Gray Little (div. 1972), m. (2) Jean Alexandra McCain, (daughter of

John S. McCain, Jr. John Sidney "Jack" McCain Jr. (January 17, 1911 – March 22, 1981) was a United States Navy Admiral (United States), admiral who served in conflicts from the 1940s through the 1970s, including as the Commander, United States Pacific Command. Th ...

) ***** John Adams Morgan (b. 1930) m. (1) 1953: Elizabeth Robbins Choate (1933–1998) (div. 1957); m. (2) Tania Goss (div.) m. (3) 1998: Sonja Tremont (b. 1963) (div. 2008) ****** John Adams Morgan Jr (b. 1954) ****** Chauncey Goss Morgan ****** Quincy Adams Morgan *** Juliet Pierpont Morgan (1870–1952) m. William Pierson Hamilton (1869–1950) *** Anne Tracy Morgan (1873–1952) ** Sarah Spencer Morgan (1839–1896) m. George Hale Morgan (1840–1911) ***

Junius Spencer Morgan II Junius Spencer Morgan II (June 5, 1867 – August 18, 1932) was a banker, art collector and nephew of John Pierpont Morgan, Sr. Early life Junius Spencer Morgan II was born on June 5, 1867 in Irvington, New York to George Hale Morgan (1840–191 ...

(1867–1932) m. Josephine Adams Perry (1869–1963) **** Sarah Spencer Morgan (1893–1949) m. Henry B. Gardner (1891–1932) **** Alexander Perry Morgan (1900–1968) m. Janet Croll (1901–1985) ** Mary Lyman Morgan (1844–1919) m. Walter Hayes Burns (1838–1897) *** Mary Ethel Burns (d. 1961) m.

Lewis Harcourt, 1st Viscount Harcourt Lewis Vernon Harcourt, 1st Viscount Harcourt (born Reginald Vernon Harcourt; 31 January 1863 – 24 February 1922), was a British Liberal Party politician who held the Cabinet post of Secretary of State for the Colonies from 1910 to 1915. Lord ...

(1863–1922) **** Hon. Doris Mary Thérèse Harcourt (1900–1981) m. Alexander Baring, 6th Baron Ashburton (1898–1991) ***** John Francis Harcourt Baring, 7th Baron Ashburton (1928–2020) m. (1) Hon. Susan Mary Renwick (daughter of the 1st Baron Renwick) m. (2) Sarah Cornelia Spencer-Churchill (daughter of John Spencer-Churchill) ****** Hon. Lucinda Mary Louise Baring (b. 1956) m. Hon. Michael John Wilmont Malet Vaughan (son of the 8th Earl of Lisburne) ****** Mark Francis Robert Baring, 8th Baron Ashburton (b. 1958) m. Miranda Caroline Moncrieff ****** Hon. Rose Theresa Baring (b. 1961) m. Barnaby Hugh Rogerson (b. 1960) ****** Hon. Alexander Nicholas John Baring (b. 1964) m. Lucy Caroline Fraser ***** Hon. Robin Alexander Baring (b. 1931) m. Ann Caroline Thalia Gage (b. 1931) ****** Francesca Rhiannon Baring (b. 1963) m. Stuart Douglas **** Hon. Olivia Vernon Harcourt (1902–1984) m. The Hon. John Mulholland (d. 1948) (son of the 2nd Baron Dunleath) ***** Mary Norah Mulholland (b. 1924) m. John William Owen Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound (1921–2005) ***** Martin Edward Harcourt Mulholland (1927–2003) m. Lilian Diana Tindall Lucas ***** Bridget Olivia Mulholland (b. 1930) m. Gerald Cecil Williams (1916–2005) **** William Edward Harcourt, 2nd Viscount Harcourt (1908–1979) m. Hon. Maud Elizabeth Grosvenor (daughter of the 4th Baron Ebury) ***** Hon. Elizabeth Ann Harcourt (b. 1932) m. Crispin Gascoigne (1929–2001) (son of

Julian Gascoigne Major-General Sir Julian Alvery Gascoigne, (25 October 1903 – 26 February 1990) was a senior British Army officer who served in the Second World War and became Major-General commanding the Household Brigade and General Officer Commanding Lon ...

) ***** Hon. Penelope Mary Harcourt (b. 1933) m. Anthony David Motion ***** Hon. Virginia Harcourt (b. 1937) m. Julian Francis Wells **** Barbara Vernon Harcourt (1905–1961) m. (1) Robert Jenkinson (1900–1970) m. (2) William James Baird *** Walter Spencer Morgan Burns (1872–1929) m. Ruth Evelyn Cavendish-Bentinck (1883–1978) (daughter of

William George Cavendish-Bentinck William George Cavendish-Bentinck (6 March 1854 – 22 August 1909), was a member of parliament for Penryn and Falmouth between 1886 and 1895, who married into the American Livingston family. Early life Cavendish-Bentinck was born on 6 March 1 ...

) **** Cynthia Mary Burns (d. 1977) m.

Sir John Carew Pole, 12th Baronet Sir John Gawen Carew Pole, 12th Baronet (4 March 1902 – 26 January 1993) was a Cornish landowner, soldier and politician. He was Chairman of Cornwall County Council from 1952 to 1963 and Lord Lieutenant of Cornwall from 1962 to 1977, briefl ...

(1902–1993) ***** Elizabeth Mary Carew Pole (b. 1929) m. David Cuthbert Tudway Quilter (1921–2007) ***** Caroline Anne Carew Pole (b. 1933) m. Hon. Paul Asquith (1927–1984) (son of the Baron Asquith) *****

Sir Richard Carew Pole, 13th Baronet Sir John Richard Walter Reginald Carew Pole, 13th Baronet, OBE, DL (born 2 December 1938) is the present holder of the Pole baronetcy, granted to his ancestor by King Charles I in 1628. He lives at Antony House in Cornwall. He succeeded his ...

(b. 1938) m. Mary Dawnay (b. 1936) ** Junius Spencer Morgan, Jr. (1846–1858) ** Juliet Pierpont Morgan (1847–1923) *** John Junius Morgan (d. 1952)

Select bibliography

* '' The House of Morgan: An American Banking Dynasty and the Rise of Modern Finance'', by

References

External links

{{Banking families Business families of the United States Episcopalian families