Monoecy (; adj. monoecious ) is a sexual system in

seed plants A spermatophyte (; ), also known as phanerogam (taxon Phanerogamae) or phaenogam (taxon Phaenogamae), is any plant that produces seeds, hence the alternative name seed plant. Spermatophytes are a subset of the embryophytes or land plants. They inc ...

where separate

male Male (symbol: ♂) is the sex of an organism that produces the gamete (sex cell) known as sperm, which fuses with the larger female gamete, or ovum, in the process of fertilization. A male organism cannot reproduce sexually without access to ...

and

female Female (Venus symbol, symbol: ♀) is the sex of an organism that produces the large non-motile ovum, ova (egg cells), the type of gamete (sex cell) that fuses with the Sperm, male gamete during sexual reproduction. A female has larger gamet ...

cones or flowers are present on the same plant. It is a monomorphic sexual system alongside

gynomonoecy Gynomonoecy is defined as the presence of both female and hermaphrodite flowers on the same individual of a plant species. It is prevalent in Asteraceae but is poorly understood. It is a monomorphic sexual system alongside monoecy, andromonoecy an ...

, andromonoecy and trimonoecy. Monoecy is connected to

anemophily Anemophily or wind pollination is a form of pollination whereby pollen is distributed by wind. Almost all gymnosperms are anemophilous, as are many plants in the order Poales, including grasses, sedges, and rushes. Other common anemophilous plan ...

. It can prevent

self-pollination Self-pollination is a form of pollination in which pollen from the same plant arrives at the Stigma (botany), stigma of a flower (in flowering plants) or at the ovule (in gymnosperms). There are two types of self-pollination: in autogamy, pollen i ...

in an individual flower but cannot prevent self-pollination between male and female flowers on the same plant. Monoecy in

angiosperms Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. The term "angiosperm" is derived from the Greek words ('container, vessel') and ('seed'), and refers to those plants th ...

has been of interest for

evolutionary biologists Evolutionary biology is the subfield of biology that studies the evolution, evolutionary processes (natural selection, common descent, speciation) that produced the Biodiversity, diversity of life on Earth. It is also defined as the study of ...

since

Charles Darwin Charles Robert Darwin ( ; 12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist, geologist, and biologist, widely known for his contributions to evolutionary biology. His proposition that all species of life have descended fr ...

Terminology

Monoecious comes from the Greek words for one house.

History

The term monoecy was first introduced in 1735 by

Carl Linnaeus Carl Linnaeus (; 23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after his ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné Blunt (2004), p. 171. (), was a Swedish botanist, zoologist, taxonomist, and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, the ...

. Darwin noted that the flowers of monoecious species sometimes showed traces of the opposite sex function. Monoecious

hemp Hemp, or industrial hemp, is a botanical class of ''Cannabis sativa'' cultivars grown specifically for industrial or medicinal use. It can be used to make a wide range of products. Along with bamboo, hemp is among the fastest growing plants o ...

was first reported in 1929.

Occurrence

Monoecy is most common in

temperate climate In geography, the temperate climates of Earth occur in the middle latitudes (23.5° to 66.5° N/S of Equator), which span between the tropics and the polar regions of Earth. These zones generally have wider temperature ranges throughout t ...

s and is often associated with inefficient pollinators or

wind-pollinated Anemophily or wind pollination is a form of pollination whereby pollen is distributed by wind. Almost all gymnosperms are anemophilous, as are many plants in the order Poales, including grasses, sedges, and rushes. Other common anemophilous plan ...

plants. It may be beneficial to reducing pollen-stigma interference, thus increasing seed production. Around 10% of all seed plant species are monoecious. It is present in 7% of

. Most Cucurbitaceae are monoecious including most watermelon

cultivar A cultivar is a type of cultivated plant that people have selected for desired traits and when propagated retain those traits. Methods used to propagate cultivars include: division, root and stem cuttings, offsets, grafting, tissue culture, ...

s. It is prevalent in Euphorbiaceae. . . Dioecy is replaced by monoecy in the polyploid subspecies of ''

Empetrum nigrum ''Empetrum nigrum'', crowberry, black crowberry, or, in western Alaska, blackberry, is a flowering plant species in the heather family Ericaceae with a near circumboreal distribution in the Northern Hemisphere. It is usually dioecious, but there ...

'', ''E. nigrum'' ssp. ''hermaphroditum'' and polyploid populations of '' Mercurialis annua''.

Evolution

The evolution of monoecy has received little attention. Male and female flowers evolve from hermaphroditic flowers via andromonoecy or

. In

Amaranth ''Amaranthus'' is a cosmopolitan genus of annual or short-lived perennial plants collectively known as amaranths. Some amaranth species are cultivated as leaf vegetables, pseudocereals, and ornamental plants. Catkin-like cymes of densely pack ...

s monoecy may have evolved from hermaphroditism through various processes caused by male sterility genes and female fertility genes. Monoecy has also been proposed to be an intermediate state between hermaphroditism and dioecy. Evolution from dioecy to monoecy probably involves

disruptive selection Disruptive selection, also called diversifying selection, describes changes in population genetics in which extreme values for a trait are favored over intermediate values. In this case, the variance of the trait increases and the population ...

on floral sex ratios. Monoecy is also considered to be a step in the evolutionary pathway from hermaphroditism towards dioecy. Some authors even argue monoecy and dioecy are related. But, there is also evidence that monoecy is a pathway from sequential hermaphroditism to dioecy.

References

{{Reflist Plant reproductive system Sexual system

Terminology

History

Occurrence

Evolution

See also

References