The Monte Railway ( pt, Caminho de Ferro do Monte) (commonly known as the Monte train or Monte Lift) was a
rack railway
A rack railway (also rack-and-pinion railway, cog railway, or cogwheel railway) is a steep grade railway with a toothed rack rail, usually between the running rails. The trains are fitted with one or more cog wheels or pinions that mesh with th ...
connecting Pombal, in
Funchal
Funchal () is the largest city, the municipal seat and the capital of Portugal's Autonomous Region of Madeira, bordered by the Atlantic Ocean. The city has a population of 105,795, making it the sixth largest city in Portugal. Because of its high ...
, to
Terreiro da Luta in Monte (Madeira, Portugal), a distance of 3,911 metres. It was built in stages between 1893 and 1912
[Silva, J.R. and Ribeiro, M. (2009). ''Os comboios de Portugal - Volume V''. 1st ed. Terramar. Lisboa] and ceased operation in April 1943.
[
]
The
Funchal Cable Car
The Funchal Cable Car ( pt, Teleférico do Funchal), or Madeira Cable Car, is a gondola lift that transports people from the lower section of Funchal, Madeira to the suburb of Monte.
History
The route of the cable car was chosen to replace th ...
was built in 2000 and does not follow the route of the Monte railway.
History
Beginnings
In the late 1800s, the Monte area in Madeira was a destination for tourism and recuperation. For this reason it was called ''Madeira's
Sintra
Sintra (, ) is a town and municipality in the Greater Lisbon region of Portugal, located on the Portuguese Riviera. The population of the municipality in 2011 was 377,835, in an area of . Sintra is one of the most urbanized and densely populat ...
''.
Monte was the parish where Funchal's wealthiest families had their country homes.
Project and construction
The railway was designed in 1886 by engineer
Raoul Mesnier du Ponsard
Raoul Mesnier du Ponsard ( São Nicolau, Porto, 2 April 1848 — Inhambane, Mozambique 26 May 1914) was a Portuguese engineer of French parentage, known for building many elevators and funiculars in Portugal. He is particularly known for his eng ...
. The idea of building the railway came from António Joaquim Marques, who obtained permission from Funchal city council on 17 February 1887.
[Tolentino da Nóbrega: “Funchal reabilita antigo caminho-de-ferro: Concuso público a nível europeu” ''Público'' (''local'') (2003.10.03): p.50] A contract was signed with a concessionaire forming the Companhia do Caminho de Ferro do Monte. This document established that the municipality would be responsible for expropriating any land necessary for the construction of the railroad, although the costs would be covered by the company. The company would own the right-of-way for nine years, after which it would pass to public ownership. On 22 January 1891, the council approved the project for the railway.
![Caminho de Ferro do Monte - 1](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Caminho_de_Ferro_do_Monte_-_1.jpg)
Work started on 13 August 1891
at Confeiteira, where it was necessary to build retaining walls.
In 1893 the Belgian-made rolling stock arrived
and service started on 16 July
between Pombal and Levada de Santa Luzia, witnessed by the governor-general, the bishop, and other Madeira notables. The first train was a single car and engine. A few days later regular service started, with the first departure at 4 am. A trip normally took 5 minutes and cost 80 réis.
There was also an
≪americano≫ (horsecar) run by the Caminhos de Ferro Americanos da Cidade do Funchal which took passengers from Funchal's pier to the railway terminus at Pombal.
By August 1894 the line was extended to Atalhinho, in the Monte parish, at 577 m above sea level.
This part of the line required costly cut-work into the hillside to reduce the grade to operable levels even for a rack railway. A new German-built locomotive also joined the rolling stock at this time.
The trade journal ''Gazeta dos Caminhos de Ferro'' noted in their 16 September 1903 issue that some locomotives were in bad repair, for which reason the local government ordered the company to take all means necessary to guarantee the safety of the public.
At this point the company had three locomotives, one new and two previously repaired. It was debated whether to form a new association to acquire Caminho de Ferro do Monte but no action was taken.
In their general assembly on 12 July 1910, the Companhia do Caminho de Ferro do Monte decided to extend the line further to Terreiro da Luta. The Funchal City Council approved this on 4 August.
During construction, the company suffered financial difficulties, twice needing new financing and not providing dividends to investors.
[ The interest of the British merchants who were initially keen on the project began to flag.]
The first train arrived at Terreiro da Luta, 850 m above sea level, on 24 July 1912, making the line's total extent 3,911 m. At the summit station, the company opened a 400-seat panoramic restaurant, whose food quality was, reportedly, competitive internationally.
Construction phases
Decline
Despite improvement in the financial situation of Caminho de Ferro do Monte, it was unable to raise enough capital to replace its rolling stock, which was showing serious signs of wear. The situation worsened until an accident occurred on 10 September 1919, when a locomotive boiler exploded on the ascent to Monte. There were four deaths and many injuries among the 56 passengers on board. On account of the accident, operations were suspended until 1 February 1920. On 11 January 1932, another disaster occurred, this time a derailment. Consequently, both tourists and residents shunned the service, judging it too dangerous. Furthermore, the Second World War led to a decrease in tourism to Madeira and the company fell into crisis. Another contributing factor to the diminishing railway custom was road building that developed road transport alternatives.
Due to financial adversity and the bad state of the rolling stock, it was not possible to maintain railway operations.[ Hence, the last train trip was in April 1943,] the line dismantled, and the hardware sold for scrap. The financial failure left many residents with no means of transport.[
The 16 November 1948 issue of ''Gazeta dos Caminhos de Ferro'' reported the sale of the Caminho de Ferro do Monte.][ Its physical assets were sold at ridiculously low prices, according to the source, and the real estate was abandoned. The rolling stock was eventually used to repair the Bom Jesus Funicular in Braga.]
Features
Technical characteristics
The Monte Railway was a Riggenbach-type system.[ It was a single-track, meter-gauge line except for ]passing loop
A passing loop (UK usage) or passing siding (North America) (also called a crossing loop, crossing place, refuge loop or, colloquially, a hole) is a place on a single line railway or tramway, often located at or near a station, where trains or ...
s at the stations Livramento and Monte. Consists were of a single car always on the uphill side of the locomotive. Gravity pressing the car against the engine eliminated the need for couplings to it.
Rolling stock
The company had five locomotives, four built by Maschinenfabrik Esslingen
Maschinenfabrik Esslingen (ME), was a German engineering firm that manufactured locomotives, tramways, railway wagons, roll-blocks, technical equipment for the railways, (turntables and traversers), bridges, steel structures, pumps and boiler ...
and one by SLM Winterthur. There were five passenger cars, each holding around 60 passengers, divided into five compartments. There was also a flat car for baggage transport.
Present state
In October of 2003, the Funchal city government announced a public tender for the reconstruction of the Monte Railway — a "heritage asset" according to it. The requirements, which conveyed the right to operate it for 50 years, prescribed a funicular line between Largo do Monte and Terreiro da Luta and a connection to a "tourist railway" from there to Largo das Babosas (near the summit station of the Funchal Cable Car
The Funchal Cable Car ( pt, Teleférico do Funchal), or Madeira Cable Car, is a gondola lift that transports people from the lower section of Funchal, Madeira to the suburb of Monte.
History
The route of the cable car was chosen to replace th ...
). Buildings were to be made with historic materials.
A joint project emerged from the tender involving the Funchal city government and the company Teleféricos da Madeira. The project involves building a funicular between the former stations of Terreiro da Luta and Monte along the old railway alignment.
In 2020, the Funchal city government acquired the old station at Monte for renovation and conversion into an historical and cultural information center.
References
{{authority control
Funchal
1893 establishments in Portugal
History of Madeira
Railway lines in Portugal
Transport in Madeira
Railway lines opened in 1893
Railway lines closed in 1943
Rack railways in Portugal