''Monster on the Campus'' (a.k.a. ''Monster in the Night''
and ''Stranger on the Campus'') is a 1958 American
black-and-white
Black-and-white (B&W or B/W) images combine black and white in a continuous spectrum, producing a range of shades of grey.
Media
The history of various visual media began with black and white, and as technology improved, altered to color. ...
science fiction
Science fiction (sometimes shortened to Sci-Fi or SF) is a genre of speculative fiction which typically deals with imaginative and futuristic concepts such as advanced science and technology, space exploration, time travel, parallel unive ...
/
horror film
Horror is a film genre that seeks to elicit fear or disgust in its audience for entertainment purposes.
Horror films often explore dark subject matter and may deal with transgressive topics or themes. Broad elements include monsters, apoca ...
from
Universal-International
Universal Pictures (legally Universal City Studios LLC, also known as Universal Studios, or simply Universal; common metonym: Uni, and formerly named Universal Film Manufacturing Company and Universal-International Pictures Inc.) is an Americ ...
, produced by Joseph Gershenson, directed by
Jack Arnold, from a script by
David Duncan,
that stars
Arthur Franz
Arthur Sofield Franz (February 29, 1920 – June 17, 2006) was an American actor whose most notable feature film role was as Lieutenant, Junior Grade, H. Paynter Jr. in ''The Caine Mutiny (film), The Caine Mutiny'' (1954).
Early life
Franz ...
,
Joanna Cook Moore
Joanna Moore (born Dorothy Joanne Cook, November 10, 1934 – November 22, 1997) was an American film and television actress, who, between 1956 and 1976, appeared in 17 feature films and guest-starred in nearly a hundred television series episod ...
,
Nancy Walters
Nancy Walters (born Nancy Driver on June 26, 1933 – September 29, 2009) was an American model, actress and minister.
Early years
Walters was born in Mount Plymouth, Florida, and brought up near Mount Plymouth and Zellwood, Florida. A bone inf ...
,
Troy Donahue
Troy Donahue (born Merle Johnson Jr., January 27, 1936 – September 2, 2001) was an American film and television actor and singer. He was a popular sex symbol in the 1950s and 1960s.
Biography Early years
Born in New York City, Donahue was ...
, and
Whit Bissell
Whitner Nutting Bissell (October 25, 1909 – March 5, 1996) was an American character actor.
Early life
Born in New York City, Bissell was the son of surgeon Dr. J. Dougal Bissell and Helen Nutting Bissell. He was educated at the Allen-S ...
. The film was theatrically released as a
double feature
The double feature is a motion picture industry phenomenon in which theatres would exhibit two films for the price of one, supplanting an earlier format in which one feature film and various short subject reels would be shown.
Opera use
Opera ho ...
with the British horror film ''
Blood of the Vampire
''Blood of the Vampire'' is a 1958 British colour horror film directed by Henry Cass and starring Donald Wolfit, Barbara Shelley, and Vincent Ball. The film was produced by Robert S. Baker and Monty Berman for Tempean Films, from a screenpl ...
''.
The film's storyline tells of a university science professor who accidentally comes into contact with the irradiated blood of a
coelacanth
The coelacanths ( ) are fish belonging to the order Actinistia that includes two extant species in the genus ''Latimeria'': the West Indian Ocean coelacanth (''Latimeria chalumnae''), primarily found near the Comoro Islands off the east coast ...
, which causes him to "regress" to being a primitive
caveman
The caveman is a stock character representative of primitive humans in the Paleolithic. The popularization of the type dates to the early 20th century, when Neanderthals were influentially described as " simian" or "ape-like" by Marcellin ...
.
Plot
Dr. Donald Blake, a science professor at Dunsford University, receives a
coelacanth
The coelacanths ( ) are fish belonging to the order Actinistia that includes two extant species in the genus ''Latimeria'': the West Indian Ocean coelacanth (''Latimeria chalumnae''), primarily found near the Comoro Islands off the east coast ...
. A student, Jimmy, asks Blake if the fish is really a million years old. Blake replies, "It's the species that's old. No change in millions of years. See, the coelacanth is a living fossil, immune to the forces of evolution". Blake lectures his students about
evolution
Evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations. These characteristics are the expressions of genes, which are passed on from parent to offspring during reproduction. Variation ...
and
devolution
Devolution is the statutory delegation of powers from the central government of a sovereign state to govern at a subnational level, such as a regional or local level. It is a form of administrative decentralization. Devolved territories h ...
, telling them that man is the only creature that can decide whether to move forwards or backwards and that "unless we learn to control the instincts we've inherited from our ape-like ancestors, the race is doomed."
Inside the lab, Blake scratches himself on the teeth of the partially-thawed coelacanth, accidentally sticking his bloody hand into the water-filled container which held the fish. Molly Riordan, the assistant to Dr. Cole Oliver, is with Blake and offers him a ride home. Blake says he does not feel well and passes out when they get to Molly's car.
A person or persons unknown attacks Molly at Blake's home. Madeline Howard, Blake's fiancée and daughter of Dr. Gilbert Howard, president of the university, arrives and finds the home in shambles and Blake moaning on the ground. Madeline calls the police after seeing Molly hanging by her hair in a tree, her eyes wide, dead.
Detective Lt. Mike Stevens and Detective Sgt. Eddie Daniels find a huge "deformed" handprint on a window and Blake's tie clasp in Molly's dead hand. They take Blake downtown when he admits that he cannot remember anything after getting into Molly's car.
Stevens releases Blake after concluding that someone is holding a grudge and trying to implicate Blake in Molly's murder. He assigns Daniels as Blake's bodyguard and tells Blake that Molly's
autopsy
An autopsy (post-mortem examination, obduction, necropsy, or autopsia cadaverum) is a surgical procedure that consists of a thorough examination of a corpse by dissection to determine the cause, mode, and manner of death or to evaluate any di ...
showed she died of fright.
In his lab, Blake shoos away a
dragonfly
A dragonfly is a flying insect belonging to the infraorder Anisoptera below the order Odonata. About 3,000 extant species of true dragonfly are known. Most are tropical, with fewer species in temperate regions. Loss of wetland habitat threate ...
that lands on the coelacanth. The dragonfly later returns, now two feet in length. Blake and Jimmy try to catch the giant insect with a net when it lands on the coelacanth again. Blake stabs the dragonfly. When he examines its body, he doesn't notice its blood has dripped into his pipe. Lighting up and taking a few puffs, he immediately feels ill. As the dragonfly shrinks back to its standard size, a large, hairy hand reaches out and squashes the insect. Then Blake's lab is trashed, and Jimmy's visiting girlfriend is killed. The police find huge footprints near her body and conclude they are from the same source.
Blake learns that the coelacanth has blood plasma preserved by
gamma rays
A gamma ray, also known as gamma radiation (symbol γ or \gamma), is a penetrating form of electromagnetic radiation arising from the radioactive decay of atomic nuclei. It consists of the shortest wavelength electromagnetic waves, typically ...
. If it gets into the bloodstream of an animal or person, it causes them to revert to a more primitive state temporarily. He realizes that he might have received a dose of the irradiated plasma. If so, then Blake has been reverting to a throwback troglodyte with large hands, feet, dark skin, heavy body hair, and prominent brow ridges.
He decides to take a few days off at Dr. Howard's remote cabin. Blake plans to learn whether he is the beast. Blake rigs the cabin with cameras on trip wires to record whatever happens and injects himself with coelacanth plasma. His caveman self wrecks the room, trips the camera's wires, and is photographed. He grabs an axe and leaves.
While driving to the cabin, Madeline runs off the road and crashes when the caveman appears in her headlights. A local forest ranger arrives and calls the Dunsford police for help. The caveman carries the unconscious Madeline into the forest, with the ranger in pursuit.
Madeline comes to and struggles with the beast. The forest ranger shoots the caveman when she breaks free, but he throws his axe, killing the ranger. The caveman collapses. Blake, once again himself, returns to the cabin and develops a photo, showing it to Madeline, who does not understand and asks why the beast is wearing Blake's clothes.
Lt. Stevens, Detective Sgt. Powell and Dr. Howard arrive at the cabin. Blake tells them that he not only knows who the murderer is, but where to find him. Out in the woods, he explains to Howard what his experiment proved and injects himself with coelacanth plasma. Again transformed into the caveman, he chases Howard, forcing the two detectives to shoot him. As the beast lies dying, he slowly transforms back into Blake.
Cast
*
Arthur Franz
Arthur Sofield Franz (February 29, 1920 – June 17, 2006) was an American actor whose most notable feature film role was as Lieutenant, Junior Grade, H. Paynter Jr. in ''The Caine Mutiny (film), The Caine Mutiny'' (1954).
Early life
Franz ...
as Dr. Donald Blake
*
Joanna Moore
Joanna Moore (born Dorothy Joanne Cook, November 10, 1934 – November 22, 1997) was an American film and television actress, who, between 1956 and 1976, appeared in 17 feature films and guest-starred in nearly a hundred television series episod ...
as Madeline Howard
*
Judson Pratt
Judson Pratt (December 6, 1916 – February 9, 2002) was an American film, television and theatre actor. He was known for playing Billy Kinkaid in the American western television series ''Union Pacific''.
Early life
Pratt was born in Hingh ...
as Lt. Mike Stevens
*
Nancy Walters
Nancy Walters (born Nancy Driver on June 26, 1933 – September 29, 2009) was an American model, actress and minister.
Early years
Walters was born in Mount Plymouth, Florida, and brought up near Mount Plymouth and Zellwood, Florida. A bone inf ...
as Sylvia Lockwood
*
Troy Donahue
Troy Donahue (born Merle Johnson Jr., January 27, 1936 – September 2, 2001) was an American film and television actor and singer. He was a popular sex symbol in the 1950s and 1960s.
Biography Early years
Born in New York City, Donahue was ...
as Jimmy Flanders
* Phil Harvey as Sgt. Powell
*
Helen Westcott
Helen Westcott (born Myrthas Helen Hickman, January 1, 1928 – March 17, 1998) was an American stage and screen actress and former child actress. She is best known for her work in ''The Gunfighter'' (1950).
Early years
Westcott was the daughte ...
as Nurse Molly Riordan
*
Alexander Lockwood
Alexander Lockwood (May 5, 1902 – January 25, 1990) was an American actor. He appeared in numerous films and television shows throughout the 1930s to the 1980s.
Biography
Lockwood was born in Slezská Ostrava, now Czech Republic, in 190 ...
as Dr. Gilbert Howard
*
Whit Bissell
Whitner Nutting Bissell (October 25, 1909 – March 5, 1996) was an American character actor.
Early life
Born in New York City, Bissell was the son of surgeon Dr. J. Dougal Bissell and Helen Nutting Bissell. He was educated at the Allen-S ...
as Dr. Oliver Cole
*
Ross Elliott
Ross Elliott (born Elliott Blum, June 18, 1917 – August 12, 1999) was an American television and film character actor. He began his acting career in the Mercury Theatre, where he performed in ''The War of the Worlds'', Orson Welles' fam ...
as Sgt. Eddie Daniels
* Anne Anderson as Student (uncredited)
* Louis Cavalier as Student (uncredited)
* Richard H. Cutting as Forest Ranger Tom Edwards (uncredited)
*
Hank Patterson
Elmer Calvin "Hank" Patterson (October 9, 1888 – August 23, 1975) was an American actor and musician. He is known foremost for playing two recurring characters on three television series: the stableman Hank Miller on ''Gunsmoke'' and farmer ...
as Night Watchman Mr. Townsend (uncredited)
* Ronnie Rondell Jr. as Student (uncredited)
*
Eddie Parker as the Monster (uncredited)
Production
Production took place between April and May 1958.
The on-campus scenes of Dunsford University were filmed at
Occidental College
Occidental College (informally Oxy) is a private liberal arts college in Los Angeles, California. Founded in 1887 as a coeducational college by clergy and members of the Presbyterian Church, it became non-sectarian in 1910. It is one of the oldes ...
in Eagle Rock, a suburb of Los Angeles, California.
The working title of the film was ''Monster in the Night''. Although
Universal
Universal is the adjective for universe.
Universal may also refer to:
Companies
* NBCUniversal, a media and entertainment company
** Universal Animation Studios, an American Animation studio, and a subsidiary of NBCUniversal
** Universal TV, a t ...
music director
Joseph Gershenson
Joseph is a common male given name, derived from the Hebrew Yosef (יוֹסֵף). "Joseph" is used, along with "Josef", mostly in English, French and partially German languages. This spelling is also found as a variant in the languages of the mo ...
had received executive producer credit on some films of the 1940s, ''Monster on the Campus'' marked the first film for which he received sole credit as producer. This was the film debut of
Nancy Walters
Nancy Walters (born Nancy Driver on June 26, 1933 – September 29, 2009) was an American model, actress and minister.
Early years
Walters was born in Mount Plymouth, Florida, and brought up near Mount Plymouth and Zellwood, Florida. A bone inf ...
.
Arthur Franz
Arthur Sofield Franz (February 29, 1920 – June 17, 2006) was an American actor whose most notable feature film role was as Lieutenant, Junior Grade, H. Paynter Jr. in ''The Caine Mutiny (film), The Caine Mutiny'' (1954).
Early life
Franz ...
only played Prof. Donald Blake. Once the makeup transformation scenes were over, stuntman
Eddie Parker did every scene as the monster.
Science fiction film critic
Bill Warren writes that director
Jack Arnold said in an interview with ''Cinefastastique'' magazine (Vol.4 No.2, 1975) that the film was shot in 12 days, and that Arnold told ''Photon'' magazine (No.26, 1975), "I didn't really hate it, but I didn't think it was up to the standards of the other films that I have done".
Reception
''Monster on the Campus'' had a wide international release. Its U.S. premiere was in
Bismarck, North Dakota
Bismarck () is the capital of the U.S. state of North Dakota and the county seat of Burleigh County. It is the state's second-most populous city, after Fargo. The city's population was 73,622 in the 2020 census, while its metropolitan popula ...
on 17 December 1958, followed by Finland on 1 May 1959, West Germany on 22 January 1960, France on 27 January 1960, and Mexico on 3 March 1960. The film was also released in the UK, Belgium, Greece, Italy, the Soviet Union, Argentina, and Brazil. In the UK, it was given an "X" certificate by the
British Board of Film Censors
The British Board of Film Classification (BBFC, previously the British Board of Film Censors) is a non-governmental organisation founded by the British film industry in 1912 and responsible for the national classification and censorship of fi ...
(BBFC), which meant at the time that the film could not be exhibited to people under age 16. In 2016, BBFC reclassified the DVD of ''Monster on the Campus''. It now has a PG rating.
According to Warren, there were few reviews of ''Monster on the Campus'' when it first came out because it was the "bottom half of a double-bill with the more colorful ''
Blood of the Vampire
''Blood of the Vampire'' is a 1958 British colour horror film directed by Henry Cass and starring Donald Wolfit, Barbara Shelley, and Vincent Ball. The film was produced by Robert S. Baker and Monty Berman for Tempean Films, from a screenpl ...
''". He quotes a few contemporary reviews. It was called "'a pretty fair shocker'" in ''Daily Variety''. Jack Moffitt, in ''The Hollywood Reporter'', said the film emphasized the "'human rather than the monstrous side of this modern 'Dr. Jekyll' story". ''The Monthly Film Reporter'', however, called it "'depressing,'" even though it had been "'tailored for the horror market.'"
''BoxOffice'' magazine in its issue of 19 January 1959 showed positive reviews from most of the publications listed in its "Review Digest". ''BoxOffice, Film Daily'', and ''The Hollywood Reporter'' all rated it as "very good"; ''Harrison's Report'' and ''Variety'' rated it "good"; ''Parents' Magazine'' gave it a "fair" rating; and the ''New York Daily News'' had not reviewed the film.
The reviewing division of the
Catholic News Service
Catholic News Service (CNS) is an American news agency owned by the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB) that reports on the Catholic Church.
The agency's domestic service is set to shut down at the end of 2022, but its Rome bur ...
evaluated ''Monster on the Campus'' in 1958 for its "artistic merit and moral suitability". This resulted in
The United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB) giving the film a rating of "A-III," which meant it was suitable for adults, although USCCB cautioned that it contained "stylized violence with some intense menace".
Many of the more recent reviews have centered on the monster/caveman/ape-man makeup. Warren writes, "The mask is unconvincing, with tiny shell-like teeth and a built-in scowl; it resembles similar
Universal-International
Universal Pictures (legally Universal City Studios LLC, also known as Universal Studios, or simply Universal; common metonym: Uni, and formerly named Universal Film Manufacturing Company and Universal-International Pictures Inc.) is an Americ ...
over-the-head masks of the period, as seen in ''
Abbott and Costello Meet Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde
''Abbott and Costello Meet Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde'' is a 1953 American horror comedy film starring the comedy team of Abbott and Costello, co-starring Boris Karloff, and directed by Charles Lamont.Furmanek and Palumbo
Inspired by the 1886 nov ...
'', ''
Tarantula
Tarantulas comprise a group of large and often hairy spiders of the family Theraphosidae. , 1,040 species have been identified, with 156 genera. The term "tarantula" is usually used to describe members of the family Theraphosidae, although ...
'' and other outings".
Bryan Senn notes that keeping the monster off-camera until near the end of the film is a good idea, as it adds a "bit of build-up and mystery", but doing so "only makes the rubbery mask and hirsute padded shoulders (making him look like a simian linebacker) that much more disappointing when finally revealed".
But reviews have noted more than just makeup. Phil Hardy writes that "cinematographer
Metty">usselMetty and special effects man
Stine">liffordStine make the most of the ape-man's path of destruction through the campus but the script lacks any sparkle". Senn calls the film "visually flat, with the 'action' taking place in labs, offices and cabins, and with exteriors consisting of one back-lot hillside".
And Warren says that the film is "hampered by trivial locations and drab sets. The film has no arresting images. The best
rnoldcan come up with is a swift glance the ape-man gives a mirror before smashing it and one shot of a woman dangling by her hair from a tree". In summary, he calls the film "routine, unimaginative and foolish ... Jack Arnold's worst science fiction film".
But not every reviewer disliked ''Monster on the Campus''. Critic Ken Hanke wrote that "part of the charm of this little movie is that the monster is so hokey. No, it's not classic horror, but it's a good bit of fun". He gave the film a score of 4.5 out of 5 stars.
Popularity with the public is harder to judge. The film holds a 5.8/10 from 1,111 votes on the
Internet Movie Database
IMDb (an abbreviation of Internet Movie Database) is an online database of information related to films, television series, home videos, video games, and streaming content online – including cast, production crew and personal biographies, ...
and a low 22% from 270 viewers at the film
review aggregator
A review aggregator is a system that collects reviews of products and services (such as films, books, video games, software, hardware, and cars). This system stores the reviews and uses them for purposes such as supporting a website where users ...
website
Rotten Tomatoes
Rotten Tomatoes is an American review-aggregation website for film and television. The company was launched in August 1998 by three undergraduate students at the University of California, Berkeley: Senh Duong, Patrick Y. Lee, and Stephen Wang ...
.
Academic interest
''Monster on the Campus'' has attracted a fair amount of academic interest. Prof. Cyndy Hendershot in 2001 wrote that the film examines "issues of conformity and individuality" through a "metaphor of monstrous transformation". Hendershot says that while Blake the professor represents conformity, Blake the caveman is a representation of individuality. But he can't be conformist and individualistic at the same time. His employer, Dunsfield University, "conspires to stamp out individuality that does not follow the direction of the organization as a whole". That is, "while ''Monster on the Campus'' adopts the typical sf/horror plot of the mad scientist versus the blind authorities", the film "frames the issue specifically within the world of the organization man". According to Hendershot, a man such as Blake - driven from within toward individualism and not at all a good organization man who willingly submits to conformity imposed on him from the outside - can't win. His personal goal of knowledge for the sake of knowledge is not that of the university, which seems more interested in the publicity that owning a rare coelacanth will bring. "But, if the film condemns the other-directed society as stifling scientific knowledge, it equally condemns Blake's rampant inner-directed man. It reveals, in fact, that the individual within is a beast".
Also in 2001, Hendershot looked at ''Monster on the Campus'' as an exploration of a "wide variety of issues related to the emergence of teen culture in Fifties America". Specifically, her focus is on juvenile deliquency, which she says "provoked feelings of intense horror" in adults at the time. The Dunsfield Police, for example, "suspect the teenagers on campus of being guilty" of the murders of Molly and Daniels, yet the "true criminal is located at the heart of adult authority on campus". But unlike many films in which young people are the villains, ''Monster on the Campus'' inverts things, so that "only the students emerge as having any clear moral sense about the horrors that are occurring on campus". In other words, "the kids in ''Monster on the Campus'' are fine; it's the adults that have to be watched, as they may transform into monsters at any moment".
Prof. Patrick Gonder looks at the film in racial terms. He writes that ''Monster on the Campus'' was released just a few years after the 1954 US Supreme Court decision in
Brown v. Board of Education
''Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka'', 347 U.S. 483 (1954), was a landmark decision by the U.S. Supreme Court, which ruled that U.S. state laws establishing racial segregation in public schools are unconstitutional, even if the segregat ...
. In that light, he says, "the monster on the campus is the demonized black male student, threatening to contaminate the purity of white women and cause the reversal of white evolutionary potential. The Caveman is imaged as a racist caricature of the African American: bestial, violent and corrosive to the tenets of white society". However, Gonder goes on to point out that the "creature and the professor are one and the same: several times, Blake comments on how the beast is 'within' him". And at the end of the film Blake solves his problem: he "does not turn himself in but instead organizes his own lynch mob by purposefully (for the first time) transforming himself into the Caveman, thus forcing the police officers to shoot him".
Home media
''Monster on the Campus'' had its U.S. VHS release in 1994. Universal Pictures released ''Monster on the Campus'' as part of a DVD boxed set called ''The Classic Sci-Fi Ultimate Collection'', which features four other Universal films: ''
The Incredible Shrinking Man
''The Incredible Shrinking Man'' is a 1957 American science fiction film directed by Jack Arnold based on Richard Matheson's 1956 novel ''The Shrinking Man''. The film stars Grant Williams as Scott and Randy Stuart as Scott's wife Louise. Wh ...
'', ''
The Mole People
''The Mole People'' is a 1956 American science fiction adventure film distributed by Universal International, which was produced by William Alland, directed by Virgil W. Vogel, and stars John Agar, Hugh Beaumont, and Cynthia Patrick. The story ...
'', ''
The Monolith Monsters
''The Monolith Monsters'' is a 1957 American black-and-white science fiction film from Universal-International, produced by Howard Christie, directed by John Sherwood, and starring Grant Williams and Lola Albright. The film is based on a story b ...
'', and ''
Tarantula
Tarantulas comprise a group of large and often hairy spiders of the family Theraphosidae. , 1,040 species have been identified, with 156 genera. The term "tarantula" is usually used to describe members of the family Theraphosidae, although ...
''. Shout Factory released the film on Blu-ray in a package including the trailer and subtitles on 25 June 2019.
Popular culture
''Monster on the Campus'' has been referenced in a number of other films and television programs. Among other examples, it was shown on ''
Svengoolie
''Svengoolie'' is an American horror host, hosted horror movie television program. The show features horror and science fiction films and is hosted by the eponymous character Svengoolie, who was originally played by Jerry G. Bishop from 1970 to 1 ...
'' in 1981 and 2013; scenes from it were used in the films ''
Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind
''Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind'' (also simply known as ''Eternal Sunshine'') is a 2004 American romantic science fiction drama film written by Charlie Kaufman, directed by Michel Gondry, and starring Jim Carrey and Kate Winslet. P ...
'' (2004) and ''
American Grindhouse
''American Grindhouse'' is a 2010 documentary directed and produced by Elijah Drenner. The film made its world premiere at the South by Southwest film festival in Austin, Texas on March 13, 2010.
Overview
The documentary chronicles the history of ...
'' (2010); and it was mentioned in the Canadian comedy ''
Ding et Dong le film'' (1990).
In music, The Modern Airline, a
neo-New Wave band from
Brooklyn
Brooklyn () is a borough of New York City, coextensive with Kings County, in the U.S. state of New York. Kings County is the most populous county in the State of New York, and the second-most densely populated county in the United States, be ...
, New York, released a song titled "Monster on the Campus" in 2017.
References
Bibliography
*
External links
*
*
{{DEFAULTSORT:Monster On The Campus
1958 films
1958 horror films
1950s science fiction horror films
Universal Pictures films
1950s monster movies
Films directed by Jack Arnold
Films set in universities and colleges
American monster movies
Films with screenplays by David Duncan (writer)
Films about cavemen
Films shot in Los Angeles
1950s English-language films
1950s American films