The Mondragón rifle refers to one of two rifle designs developed by Mexican artillery officer
General
A general officer is an Officer (armed forces), officer of high rank in the army, armies, and in some nations' air force, air and space forces, marines or naval infantry.
In some usages, the term "general officer" refers to a rank above colone ...
Manuel Mondragón. These designs include the straight-pull bolt-action M1893 and M1894 rifles, and Mexico's first
self-loading rifle, the M1908 - the first of the designs to see combat use.
Straight-pull bolt-action rifles
Mondragón began working on his initial rifle design in 1891. During his stay in Belgium, he filed a patent application for which he had received a grant on March 23, 1892 (No. 98,947). Mondragón was granted a further Patent on April 20, 1892 from the French Patent Office (No. 221,035). He also filed for a Patent for his design with the United States Patent Office on February 8, 1893, which was granted on March 24, 1896 (No. 557,079).
The rifle, referred to as model M1893, was of a straight-pull,
bolt-action
Bolt action is a type of manual Action (firearms), firearm action that is operated by ''directly'' manipulating the bolt (firearms), turn-bolt via a cocking handle, bolt handle, most commonly placed on the right-hand side of the firearm (a ...
design, chambered in the 6.5×48mm cartridge (also developed by Mondragón) or the 5.2x68mm cartridge (developed by Colonel Rubin), with a fixed magazine which held an 8-round en-bloc clip. The bolt was locked by two pairs of six small radially-arranged lugs (reminiscent of, e. g.,
AR-15) locking in helical grooves in the
receiver. The rifle operated with three settings: "A" (safe), "L" (normal operation), and "R" (rapid). The "automatic" fire setting allowed the rifle to fire a cartridge each time the bolt was manually cycled to closed position,
in similar fashion to
Winchester M1897 pump-action shotgun. The rifle could be equipped with a knife bayonet, measuring and , or a blade-type bayonet of length.
At the time of the rifle's design, Mexico did not have any manufacturers capable of producing them to the required tolerances. Mondragón, with the backing of Diaz, subsequently entrusted the Swiss Industrial Company (''
Schweizerische Industrie Gesellschaft'') of Neuhausen, Switzerland with the production of the rifles. SIG received the first order for 50 rifles in 1893, and a second order for 200 rifles followed in 1894. The rifles from the second order were chambered in the 5.2 × 68mm round developed by Swiss colonel
Eduard Rubin, and were referred to as the model M1894 (to differentiate them from the versions chambered in the 6.5mm cartridge).
Self-loading rifle
Mondragón continued his work, and on August 8, 1904 he filed a patent application (No. 219,989) for his new design for a self-loading rifle. The Patent (No. 853,715) was granted on May 14, 1907.
The design was adopted by the Mexican Army in 1908 as the Fusil Porfirio Díaz Sistema Mondragón Modelo 1908. The same year, the Mexican government contracted with SIG for the production of 4,000 M1908 rifles, chambered in the
7×57mm Mauser Mexican service cartridge. A few number of samples arrived to Mexico in a number no greater than forty units. The rifle's inability to cope with the poor quality of ammunition available at the time, along with the high unit cost of
SFr160 per rifle, led to the cancellation of the order by the Mexican government.
The Mondragón Modelo 1908 was a
gas-operated rifle with a
rotating bolt using a cylinder and piston arrangement, a design considered unusual at the time. The bolt and the locking lugs was very similar to the bolt-action rifle. A switch, located on the charging handle, would disengage the bolt from the gas system, allowing the firearm to effectively operate as a straight-pull bolt-action rifle. The Mondragón Modelo 1908 rifles were fitted with a bipod. In addition to the knife bayonet introduced with the previous rifles, Mondragón designed a spade bayonet for use with the Modelo 1908, for which he filed a patent application (No. 631,283) on June 6, 1911.
Use during the Mexican Revolution
A few of the Mondragón rifles may have been used by Mexican soldiers during an ambush on
Pancho Villa
Francisco "Pancho" Villa ( , , ; born José Doroteo Arango Arámbula; 5 June 1878 – 20 July 1923) was a Mexican revolutionary and prominent figure in the Mexican Revolution. He was a key figure in the revolutionary movement that forced ...
. Although some sources claim that the Mexican Army had used the rifle since 1911, two pictures from ''Crónica Ilustrada Revolución Mexicana, Volume 1'' on pages 100 and 159 and an article from Guns magazine suggest that the rifle was in service as early as 1910.
World War I German service

In 1915, the
German Empire
The German Empire (),; ; World Book, Inc. ''The World Book dictionary, Volume 1''. World Book, Inc., 2003. p. 572. States that Deutsches Reich translates as "German Realm" and was a former official name of Germany. also referred to as Imperia ...
bought the remainder of the M1908 model rifles produced by SIG
(as many as 4000 units, depending on the total SIG production for their Mexican contract). The Germans tried to modify the rifles to chamber the
7.9×57mm S-Patrone, the service cartridge of Germany until the end of
World War II
World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...
, but their attempts were unsuccessful.
The rifles were tested by the German Army, but they proved highly susceptible to fouling caused by mud and dirt in the
trenches, a common problem even with less complex designs such as the Canadian
Ross Mk III straight-pull bolt-action rifle.
The
Imperial German Flying Corps (Luftstreitkräfte) decided to adopt the rifle, where operating conditions lessened the chances of the action being fouled by mud, and issued two rifles to each aircraft's crew. The M1903 proved to be a significant improvement over the bolt-action
Gewehr 98 rifles and
Parabellum-Pistole pistols usually issued to crews. The M1908 rifle was re-designated as the Fl.-S.-K. 15 (''Flieger-Selbstladekarabiner, Modell 1915'' - Aviator's Selfloading
Carbine, Model 1915) and was issued with 30-round drum magazines.
The drum magazine issued with the Fl.-S.-K. 15 was that designed and patented by
Friedrich Blum,
with a later 32-round version of the drum magazine (''Trommelmagazin 08'') that had been designed for the 1913
Parabellum-Pistole (LP 08). The corps used the Mondragón rifle until a sufficient number of machine guns equipped with a
synchronization gear
A synchronization gear (also known as a gun synchronizer or interrupter gear) was a device enabling a single-engine tractor configuration aircraft to fire its forward-firing armament through the arc of its spinning Propeller (aeronautics), propel ...
became available, after which the M1908 was phased out of service and given to the navy. Very few of the Mondragón rifles survived the war,
although almost all of the rifles were still in use by the
Imperial German Navy when the First World War ended. The usage of the Mondragón in the German Imperial Navy would involve destroyer crews and Seabattlions Pioneers being entirely issued Mondragón and pistol carbines
[Walter, John (2006). ''The Rifle Story: An Illustrated History from 1756 to the Present Day''. London: Greenhill Books. p. 192.] In Switzerland, the Mondragón self-loading rifle was modified to use the
7.5×55mm Swiss cartridge, came equipped with a 12-round magazine and a ''Hülsenfangkorb'' (a device to collect the ejected cartridges).
The Mondragón rifle was also briefly installed in the World War I era two-seater aircraft, the ''Häfeli DH'' and the ''Blériot'', however it was soon replaced by fully automatic weapons.
Mondragón M1908 scheme and operating procedure
Mondragón United States patent from 1907 for the design of a semi-automatic rifle:
File:001 mondragon patent rifle.jpg,
File:002 mondragon patent rifle.jpg,
File:003 mondragon patent rifle.jpg,
File:004 mondragon patent rifle.jpg,
File:005 mondragon patent rifle.jpg,
File:006 mondragon patent rifle.jpg,
File:007 mondragon patent rifle.jpg,
File:008 mondragon patent rifle.jpg,
File:009 mondragon patent rifle.jpg,
File:010 mondragon patent rifle.jpg,
File:011 mondragon patent rifle.jpg,
File:012 mondragon patent rifle.jpg,
File:013 mondragon patent rifle.jpg,
File:014 mondragon patent rifle.jpg,
File:015 mondragon patent rifle.jpg,
File:016 mondragon patent rifle.jpg,
File:017 mondragon patent rifle.jpg,
See also
*
Farquhar-Hill rifle
*
Mauser self-loading carbine
*
Fusil Automatique Modèle 1917
References
The Mondragon Rifle. Design evolution from concept to deployment
External links
World GunsForgotten Weapons - M1894Forgotten Weapons - M1908M1908 Mondragon Semiauto Rifle at RIAgallery of Mondragon rifle and drum magazine
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mondragon rifle
Mexican Revolution
Aircraft weapons
Semi-automatic rifles
Rifles of Mexico
World War I German infantry weapons
Straight-pull rifles
Mexican inventions