Dennstaedtiaceae is one of fifteen families in the order

Polypodiales The order Polypodiales encompasses the major lineages of polypod ferns, which comprise more than 80% of today's fern species. They are found in many parts of the world including tropical, semitropical and temperate areas. Description Polypodiale ...

, the most derived families within monilophytes (ferns). It comprises 10 genera with ca 240 known species, including one of the world's most abundant ferns, ''

Pteridium aquilinum ''Pteridium aquilinum'' (bracken, brake or common bracken), also known as eagle fern, is a species of fern occurring in temperate and subtropical regions in both hemispheres. Originally native to Eurasia and North America, the extreme lightness o ...

'' (bracken). Members of the order generally have large, highly divided leaves and have either small, round intramarginal sori with cup-shaped

indusia A sorus (pl. sori) is a cluster of sporangia (structures producing and containing spores) in ferns and fungi. A coenosorus (plural coenosori) is a compound sorus composed of multiple, fused sori. Etymology This New Latin word is from Ancient Gr ...

(e.g. ''Dennstaedtia'') or linear marginal sori with a false indusium formed from the reflexed leaf margin (e.g. ''Pteridium''). The morphological diversity among members of the order has confused past taxonomy, but recent molecular studies have supported the

monophyly In cladistics for a group of organisms, monophyly is the condition of being a clade—that is, a group of taxa composed only of a common ancestor (or more precisely an ancestral population) and all of its lineal descendants. Monophyletic gro ...

of the order and the family.Smith, A. R., K. M. Pryer, et al. (2006). "A classification for extant ferns." Taxon 55(3): 705-731 The reclassification of Dennstaedtiaceae and the rest of the monilophytes was published in 2006, so most of the available literature is not updated.

Characteristics

* Terrestrial or scrambling (scandent) over rocks or stones (epilithic) or occasionally over other vegetation (epiphytic) * Rhizomes long-creeping, occasionally short-creeping * Rhizomes bearing jointed hairs, or peltate, non-clathrate, entire scales, or both, with transitions * Rhizomes often solenostelic or protostelic with internal phloem, or rarely short and dyctiostelic * Petioles close or more often remote, non-articulate, usually with one or two, less often several vascular bundles * Petioles often with epipetiolar buds * Petioles usually with gutter-shaped vascular strand (open end adaxial) * Petiole either pubescent or glabrous * Mature leaves often glabrous at maturity, or bearing (mostly articulate) hairs, not scaly; hairs often persistent on leaf axes * Blades often large * Blades often 2-3 pinnate to decompound, can be 1-4 pinnate or more divided, mostly distinctly anadromous * Veins free, or forked, or pinnate, ending with more or less thickened ends behind the margin, rarely vanishing, free included veinlets none * Stomata anomocytic and/or polocytic * Sori near the margin, or submarginal, sometimes fused with the blade to form a cup or pouch or obscured in a recurved portion of the blade margin joining 2 to very many vein ends * Sori mostly linear, may be discrete * Indusia linear or cup shaped at blade margin, or reflexed over sori * Indusia sometimes wanting and replaced by the reflexed, more or less modified leaf margin; sometimes such a "false" indusium present beside a "true" one * Sporangium stalk with 1-3 rows of cells * Sterile appendages among sporangia none or if present not or little differentiated from epidermal appendages * Capsule usually with well-differentiated stomium * Spore tetrahedral and trilete, or reniform and monolete, variously sculptured * Gametophyte known in comparatively few representatives * Gametophyte green, hairless, cordate, and the plate stage is reached soon after germination Characteristics described by Smith et al., Judd et al., and Kramer, K. U.Kramer, K. U. (1990). Dennstaedtiaceae. The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants: Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. K. Kubitzki, K. U. Kramer and P. S. Green. New York, Springer-Verlag. 1: 81-94

Distribution of genera

Generally, the family is pantropical, but due to the distribution of ''Pteridium'' (the most widespread fern genus), Dennstaedtiaceae can be found worldwide. ''Pteridium'' is a well adapted early successional genus, generally described as a weed because of its ease of spread. The spore is light and robust, so it can travel relatively far and colonise open, disturbed environments easily.McGlone, M. S., J. M. Wilmshurst, et al. (2005). "An ecological and historical review of bracken(Pteridium esculentum) in New Zealand, and its cultural significance." New Zealand Journal of Ecology 29(2): 165-184 ''Dennsteadtia'' is mostly tropical to warm-temperate, but not well represented in the Amazon or Africa. ''Oenotrichia'' is in New Caledonia. ''Leptolepia'' is in New Zealand, Queensland (Australia), and in New Guinea. ''Microlepia'' is in the Asiatic-Pacific. ''Paesia'' occurs in tropical America, Asia, and the western Pacific. ''Hypolepis'' is tropical and south-temperate. ''Blotiella'' is strongly centered in Africa. ''Histiopteris'' is generally Malesian, with one pantropic to south-temperate species. The extinct genus '' Krameropteris'' is known from remains found in Cenomanian aged

Burmese amber Burmese amber, also known as Burmite or Kachin amber, is amber from the Hukawng Valley in northern Myanmar. The amber is dated to around 100 million years ago, during the latest Albian to earliest Cenomanian ages of the mid-Cretaceous period. The ...

History of classification

Dennstaedtiaceae was previously considered the only family the order Dennstaedtiales. Dennstaedtiaceae now contains the previously defined families Monachosoraceae Ching, Pteridiaceae Ching, and Hypolepidaceae Pic. Serm. Before Smith's classification in 2006, Dennstaedtiaceae was a poly- and para- phyletic family,Wolf, P. G. (1995). "Phylogenetic Analyses of rbcL and Nuclear Ribosomal RNA Gene Sequences in Dennstaedtiaceae." American Fern Journal 85(4): 306-327 containing genera that now are classified within Lindsaeaceae and

Saccolomataceae Saccolomataceae is a family of ferns in the order Polypodiales with about 19 species. It has been formerly treated as part of the Dennstaedtiaceae, however it has been classified as its own family according to Smith et al. (2006) The genus '' Sa ...

, and with the family Monachosoraceae arising from within the Dennstaedtiaceae clade. The nonmonophyletic nature of Dennstaedtiaceae (pre-2006 classification) was proved and supported by multiple molecular studies. Dennstaedtiaceae as now classified is supported as monophyletic, but the relation of the genera within the family have not yet been fully clarified. Phylogeny of Lindsaeaceae

Interesting species within Dennstaedtiaceae

Dennsteadtiaceae species and genera are usually known for their weedy nature (i.e. ''Pteridium'' spp., ''Hypolepis'' spp., ''Paesia'' spp.), but some species are grown ornamentally (''Blotiella'' spp., ''Dennstaedtia'' spp., ''Hypolepis'' spp., ''Microlepia'' spp.).
The fiddleheads/crosiers of ''

'' have been known to be eaten, but they contain carcinogens, so this practice is not prevalent.Judd, W. S., C. C. Campbell, et al. (2008). Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach. Sunderland, Ma, Sinauer Associates, Inc.
The rhizomes of ''Pteridium esculentum'' were consumed by the Maori during their settlement of New Zealand in the 13th century, but no longer are a part of the Maori diet. The rhizomes of ''Pteridium esculentum'' contain about 50% starch when they grow in loose rich soil, at relatively deep depths. The rhizomes were a staple in the diet because once dried, the rhizomes were very light (perfect for travelling) and would keep for about a year as long as they remained dry. The leaves and spores of the ''Pteridium esculentum'' are associated with toxins and carcinogens, and have been known to cause stock (cattle, sheep, horses, pigs) to sicken.

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q358326 Polypodiales Fern families Taxa named by Johannes Paulus Lotsy