''Molgula'', or sea grapes, are very common, globular, individual marine
tunicate
A tunicate is a marine invertebrate animal, a member of the subphylum Tunicata (). It is part of the Chordata, a phylum which includes all animals with dorsal nerve cords and notochords (including vertebrates). The subphylum was at one time ca ...
s roughly the size of grapes.
[Sanamyan, K.; Monniot, C. (2012). Molgula Forbes, 1848. In: Noa Shenkar, Arjan Gittenberger, Gretchen Lambert, Marc Rius, Rosana Moreira Da Rocha, ]Billie J. Swalla
Billie J. Swalla is a professor of biology at the University of Washington. She was the first female director of Friday Harbor Laboratories, where she worked from 2012 to 2019. Her lab investigates the evolution of chordates by comparative geneti ...
, Xavier Turon (2012) Ascidiacea World Database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=103509 on 2012-02-26
They are translucent with two protruding siphons. They are found
subtidally, attached to slow-moving submerged objects or organisms. All species of ''Molgula'' have a fluid-filled structure called the renal sac. The renal sac contains nitrogenous wastes, solid concretions composed of
weddellite
Weddellite ( Ca C2 O4·2 H2O) is a mineral form of calcium oxalate named for occurrences of millimeter-sized crystals found in bottom sediments of the Weddell Sea, off Antarctica. Occasionally, weddellite partially dehydrates to whewellite, formi ...
and
calcite
Calcite is a Carbonate minerals, carbonate mineral and the most stable Polymorphism (materials science), polymorph of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). It is a very common mineral, particularly as a component of limestone. Calcite defines hardness 3 on ...
, and an
apicomplexan symbiont called ''
Nephromyces
''Nephromyces'' is a genus of apicomplexans that are symbionts of the ascidian genus ''Molgula'' (sea grapes).
Systematics
''Nephromyces'' was first described in 1888 by Alfred Mathieu Giard as a chytrid fungus, because of its filamentous cel ...
.''
In the western
Atlantic Ocean
The Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest of the world's five oceans, with an area of about . It covers approximately 20% of Earth's surface and about 29% of its water surface area. It is known to separate the " Old World" of Africa, Europe ...
, they range from the Arctic to
North Carolina
North Carolina () is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States. The state is the 28th largest and 9th-most populous of the United States. It is bordered by Virginia to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the east, Georgia and So ...
, to the center of the United States Eastern Seaboard.
Species
* ''
Molgula aidae''
Oka, 1914
* ''
Molgula amesophleba''
(Codreanu & Mack-Fira, 1956)
* ''
Molgula antiborealis
''Molgula'', or sea grapes, are very common, globular, individual marine tunicates roughly the size of grapes.Sanamyan, K.; Monniot, C. (2012). Molgula Forbes, 1848. In: Noa Shenkar, Arjan Gittenberger, Gretchen Lambert, Marc Rius, Rosana Moreira ...
''
Millar, 1967
* ''
Molgula appendiculata''
Heller, 1877
* ''
Molgula arenata
''Molgula'', or sea grapes, are very common, globular, individual marine tunicates roughly the size of grapes.Sanamyan, K.; Monniot, C. (2012). Molgula Forbes, 1848. In: Noa Shenkar, Arjan Gittenberger, Gretchen Lambert, Marc Rius, Rosana Moreira ...
''
Stimpson, 1852
* ''
Molgula bacca''
(Herdman, 1910)
* ''
Molgula bathybia''
(Hartmeyer, 1912)
* ''
Molgula bisinus
''Molgula'', or sea grapes, are very common, globular, individual marine tunicates roughly the size of grapes.Sanamyan, K.; Monniot, C. (2012). Molgula Forbes, 1848. In: Noa Shenkar, Arjan Gittenberger, Gretchen Lambert, Marc Rius, Rosana Moreira ...
''
Monniot, 1989
* ''
Molgula bleizi''
(Lacaze-Duthiers, 1877)
* ''
Molgula bourbonis''
Monniot, 1994
* ''
Molgula braziliensis''
Millar, 1958
* ''
Molgula brieni
''Molgula'', or sea grapes, are very common, globular, individual marine tunicates roughly the size of grapes.Sanamyan, K.; Monniot, C. (2012). Molgula Forbes, 1848. In: Noa Shenkar, Arjan Gittenberger, Gretchen Lambert, Marc Rius, Rosana Moreira ...
''
Monniot & Monniot, 1976
* ''
Molgula calvata''
Sluiter, 1904
* ''
Molgula caminae''
Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1988
* ''
Molgula celata''
(Michaelsen, 1914)
* ''
Molgula celebensis''
Millar, 1975
* ''
Molgula celtica''
Monniot, C., 1970
* ''
Molgula citrina''
Alder & Hancock, 1848
* ''
Molgula coactilis''
Monniot & Monniot, 1977
* ''
Molgula complanata''
Alder & Hancock, 1870
* ''
Molgula conchata''
Sluiter, 1898
* ''
Molgula confluxa''
(Sluiter, 1912)
* ''
Molgula contorta
''Molgula'', or sea grapes, are very common, globular, individual marine tunicates roughly the size of grapes.Sanamyan, K.; Monniot, C. (2012). Molgula Forbes, 1848. In: Noa Shenkar, Arjan Gittenberger, Gretchen Lambert, Marc Rius, Rosana Moreira ...
''
Sluiter, 1898
* ''
Molgula cooperi''
(Huntsman, 1912)
* ''
Molgula crinita
''Molgula'', or sea grapes, are very common, globular, individual marine tunicates roughly the size of grapes.Sanamyan, K.; Monniot, C. (2012). Molgula Forbes, 1848. In: Noa Shenkar, Arjan Gittenberger, Gretchen Lambert, Marc Rius, Rosana Moreira ...
''
Sluiter, 1904
* ''
Molgula crustosa''
Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1988
* ''
Molgula cryptica''
Millar, 1962
* ''
Molgula cynthiaeformis''
Hartmeyer, 1903
* ''
Molgula davidi''
Monniot, 1972
* ''
Molgula delicata''
Monniot & Monniot, 1991
* ''
Molgula dextrocarpa''
Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1974
* ''
Molgula diaguita''
Monniot & Andrade, 1983
* ''
Molgula dicosta''
Millar, 1988
* ''
Molgula dione''
(Savigny, 1816)
* ''
Molgula discogona''
Millar, 1975
* ''
Molgula diversa
''Molgula'', or sea grapes, are very common, globular, individual marine tunicates roughly the size of grapes.Sanamyan, K.; Monniot, C. (2012). Molgula Forbes, 1848. In: Noa Shenkar, Arjan Gittenberger, Gretchen Lambert, Marc Rius, Rosana Moreira ...
''
Kott, 1972
* ''
Molgula dolichentera''
Millar, 1960
* ''
Molgula ellistoni
''Molgula'', or sea grapes, are very common, globular, individual marine tunicates roughly the size of grapes.Sanamyan, K.; Monniot, C. (2012). Molgula Forbes, 1848. In: Noa Shenkar, Arjan Gittenberger, Gretchen Lambert, Marc Rius, Rosana Moreira ...
''
Kott, 1972
* ''
Molgula elva''
Kott, 2008
* ''
Molgula enodis
''Molgula'', or sea grapes, are very common, globular, individual marine tunicates roughly the size of grapes.Sanamyan, K.; Monniot, C. (2012). Molgula Forbes, 1848. In: Noa Shenkar, Arjan Gittenberger, Gretchen Lambert, Marc Rius, Rosana Moreira ...
''
(Sluiter, 1912)
* ''
Molgula eobia
''Molgula'', or sea grapes, are very common, globular, individual marine tunicates roughly the size of grapes.Sanamyan, K.; Monniot, C. (2012). Molgula Forbes, 1848. In: Noa Shenkar, Arjan Gittenberger, Gretchen Lambert, Marc Rius, Rosana Moreira ...
''
Redikorzev, 1941
* ''
Molgula estadosi''
Monniot & Monniot, 1983
* ''
Molgula eugyroides
''Molgula'', or sea grapes, are very common, globular, individual marine tunicates roughly the size of grapes.Sanamyan, K.; Monniot, C. (2012). Molgula Forbes, 1848. In: Noa Shenkar, Arjan Gittenberger, Gretchen Lambert, Marc Rius, Rosana Moreira ...
''
Traustedt, 1883
* ''
Molgula euplicata''
Herdman, 1923
* ''
Molgula euprocta
''Molgula'', or sea grapes, are very common, globular, individual marine tunicates roughly the size of grapes.Sanamyan, K.; Monniot, C. (2012). Molgula Forbes, 1848. In: Noa Shenkar, Arjan Gittenberger, Gretchen Lambert, Marc Rius, Rosana Moreira ...
''
Drasche, 1884
* ''
Molgula falsensis
''Molgula'', or sea grapes, are very common, globular, individual marine tunicates roughly the size of grapes.Sanamyan, K.; Monniot, C. (2012). Molgula Forbes, 1848. In: Noa Shenkar, Arjan Gittenberger, Gretchen Lambert, Marc Rius, Rosana Moreira ...
''
Millar, 1955
* ''
Molgula ficus''
(Macdonald, 1859)
* ''
Molgula flagrifera''
Sluiter, 1904
* ''
Molgula fortuita''
Monniot & Monniot, 1984
* ''
Molgula georgiana
''Molgula'', or sea grapes, are very common, globular, individual marine tunicates roughly the size of grapes.Sanamyan, K.; Monniot, C. (2012). Molgula Forbes, 1848. In: Noa Shenkar, Arjan Gittenberger, Gretchen Lambert, Marc Rius, Rosana Moreira ...
''
Michaelsen, 1922
* ''
Molgula gigantea''
(Cunningham, 1871)
* ''
Molgula griffithsii''
(MacLeay, 1825)
* ''
Molgula habanensis''
Van Name, 1945
* ''
Molgula hartmeyeri
''Molgula'', or sea grapes, are very common, globular, individual marine tunicates roughly the size of grapes.Sanamyan, K.; Monniot, C. (2012). Molgula Forbes, 1848. In: Noa Shenkar, Arjan Gittenberger, Gretchen Lambert, Marc Rius, Rosana Moreira ...
''
Oka, 1914
* ''
Molgula helleri
''Molgula'', or sea grapes, are very common, globular, individual marine tunicates roughly the size of grapes.Sanamyan, K.; Monniot, C. (2012). Molgula Forbes, 1848. In: Noa Shenkar, Arjan Gittenberger, Gretchen Lambert, Marc Rius, Rosana Moreira ...
''
Drasche, 1884
* ''
Molgula herdmani
''Molgula'', or sea grapes, are very common, globular, individual marine tunicates roughly the size of grapes.Sanamyan, K.; Monniot, C. (2012). Molgula Forbes, 1848. In: Noa Shenkar, Arjan Gittenberger, Gretchen Lambert, Marc Rius, Rosana Moreira ...
''
Brewin, 1958
* ''
Molgula hirta''
Monniot F. 1965
* ''
Molgula hodgsoni
''Molgula'', or sea grapes, are very common, globular, individual marine tunicates roughly the size of grapes.Sanamyan, K.; Monniot, C. (2012). Molgula Forbes, 1848. In: Noa Shenkar, Arjan Gittenberger, Gretchen Lambert, Marc Rius, Rosana Moreira ...
''
Herdman, 1910
* ''
Molgula hozawai
''Molgula'', or sea grapes, are very common, globular, individual marine tunicates roughly the size of grapes.Sanamyan, K.; Monniot, C. (2012). Molgula Forbes, 1848. In: Noa Shenkar, Arjan Gittenberger, Gretchen Lambert, Marc Rius, Rosana Moreira ...
''
Oka, 1932
* ''
Molgula impura''
Heller, 1877
* ''
Molgula incidata''
Kott, 1985
* ''
Molgula japonica''
Hartmeyer, 1906
* ''
Molgula karubari''
Monniot & Monniot, 2003
* ''
Molgula kerguelenensis''
Kott, 1954
* ''
Molgula kiaeri''
Hartmeyer, 1901
* ''
Molgula kolaensis''
Ärnbäck-Christie-Linde, 1928
* ''
Molgula kophameli''
Michaelsen, 1900
* ''
Molgula lapidifera''
Redikorzev, 1941
* ''
Molgula longipedata''
Sluiter, 1904
* ''
Molgula longitubis''
Monniot, 2002
* ''
Molgula longivascula''
Millar, 1982
* ''
Molgula lutulenta''
Herdman, 1923
* ''
Molgula macquariensis
''Molgula'', or sea grapes, are very common, globular, individual marine tunicates roughly the size of grapes.Sanamyan, K.; Monniot, C. (2012). Molgula Forbes, 1848. In: Noa Shenkar, Arjan Gittenberger, Gretchen Lambert, Marc Rius, Rosana Moreira ...
''
Kott, 1954
* ''
Molgula malvinensis''
Arnback, 1938
* ''
Molgula manhattensis''
(De Kay, 1843)
* ''
Molgula marioni''
Millar, 1960
* ''
Molgula millari''
Kott, 1971
* ''
Molgula mira
''Molgula'', or sea grapes, are very common, globular, individual marine tunicates roughly the size of grapes.Sanamyan, K.; Monniot, C. (2012). Molgula Forbes, 1848. In: Noa Shenkar, Arjan Gittenberger, Gretchen Lambert, Marc Rius, Rosana Moreira ...
''
(Ärnbäck, 1931)
* ''
Molgula mollis''
Herdman, 1899
* ''
Molgula monodi
''Molgula'', or sea grapes, are very common, globular, individual marine tunicates roughly the size of grapes.Sanamyan, K.; Monniot, C. (2012). Molgula Forbes, 1848. In: Noa Shenkar, Arjan Gittenberger, Gretchen Lambert, Marc Rius, Rosana Moreira ...
''
Peres, 1949
* ''
Molgula mortenseni''
(Michaelsen, 1922)
* ''
Molgula napiformis''
Lambert, 1993
* ''
Molgula novaeselandiae''
(Michaelsen, 1912)
* ''
Molgula occidentalis
''Molgula occidentalis'' is a species of marine invertebrate of the family Molgulidae. The scientific name of the species was validated and published for the first time in 1883 by Traustedt. ''URMO: UNESCO-IOC Register of Marine Organisms''. Land ...
''
Traustedt, 1883
* ''
Molgula occulta''
Kupffer, 1875
* ''
Molgula oculata''
Forbes, 1848
* ''
Molgula oligostriata
''Molgula'', or sea grapes, are very common, globular, individual marine tunicates roughly the size of grapes.Sanamyan, K.; Monniot, C. (2012). Molgula Forbes, 1848. In: Noa Shenkar, Arjan Gittenberger, Gretchen Lambert, Marc Rius, Rosana Moreira ...
''
Tokioka, 1949
* ''
Molgula oregonia''
Ritter, 1913
* ''
Molgula pacifica
''Molgula'', or sea grapes, are very common, globular, individual marine tunicates roughly the size of grapes.Sanamyan, K.; Monniot, C. (2012). Molgula Forbes, 1848. In: Noa Shenkar, Arjan Gittenberger, Gretchen Lambert, Marc Rius, Rosana Moreira ...
''
(Huntsman, 1912)
* ''
Molgula pedunculata''
Herdman, 1881
* ''
Molgula phytophila''
Monniot, 1970
* ''
Molgula pigafettae
''Molgula'', or sea grapes, are very common, globular, individual marine tunicates roughly the size of grapes.Sanamyan, K.; Monniot, C. (2012). Molgula Forbes, 1848. In: Noa Shenkar, Arjan Gittenberger, Gretchen Lambert, Marc Rius, Rosana Moreira ...
''
Monniot & Monniot, 1983
* ''
Molgula pila''
Monniot & Monniot, 1985
* ''
Molgula plana
''Molgula'', or sea grapes, are very common, globular, individual marine tunicates roughly the size of grapes.Sanamyan, K.; Monniot, C. (2012). Molgula Forbes, 1848. In: Noa Shenkar, Arjan Gittenberger, Gretchen Lambert, Marc Rius, Rosana Moreira ...
''
Monniot, C., 1971
* ''
Molgula platana''
Van Name, 1945
* ''
Molgula platei
''Molgula'', or sea grapes, are very common, globular, individual marine tunicates roughly the size of grapes.Sanamyan, K.; Monniot, C. (2012). Molgula Forbes, 1848. In: Noa Shenkar, Arjan Gittenberger, Gretchen Lambert, Marc Rius, Rosana Moreira ...
''
Hartmeyer, 1914
* ''
Molgula platybranchia
''Molgula'', or sea grapes, are very common, globular, individual marine tunicates roughly the size of grapes.Sanamyan, K.; Monniot, C. (2012). Molgula Forbes, 1848. In: Noa Shenkar, Arjan Gittenberger, Gretchen Lambert, Marc Rius, Rosana Moreira ...
''
(Monniot, 1970)
* ''
Molgula primitiva''
Redikorzev, 1941
* ''
Molgula provisionalis''
Van Name, 1945
* ''
Molgula pugetiensis''
Herdman, 1898
* ''
Molgula pulchra
''Molgula'', or sea grapes, are very common, globular, individual marine tunicates roughly the size of grapes.Sanamyan, K.; Monniot, C. (2012). Molgula Forbes, 1848. In: Noa Shenkar, Arjan Gittenberger, Gretchen Lambert, Marc Rius, Rosana Moreira ...
''
Michaelsen, 1900
* ''
Molgula pumila
''Molgula'', or sea grapes, are very common, globular, individual marine tunicates roughly the size of grapes.Sanamyan, K.; Monniot, C. (2012). Molgula Forbes, 1848. In: Noa Shenkar, Arjan Gittenberger, Gretchen Lambert, Marc Rius, Rosana Moreira ...
''
Monniot F. & Monniot C., 1976
* ''
Molgula pyriformis''
Herdman, 1881
* ''
Molgula redikorzevi''
Oka, 1914
* ''
Molgula regularis''
Ritter, 1907
* ''
Molgula retortiformis
''Molgula'', or sea grapes, are very common, globular, individual marine tunicates roughly the size of grapes.Sanamyan, K.; Monniot, C. (2012). Molgula Forbes, 1848. In: Noa Shenkar, Arjan Gittenberger, Gretchen Lambert, Marc Rius, Rosana Moreira ...
''
Verrill, 1871
* ''
Molgula rheophila''
(Pérès, 1956)
* ''
Molgula riddlei''
F. Monniot, 2011
* ''
Molgula ridgewayi''
(Herdman, 1906)
* ''
Molgula rima''
Kott, 1972
* ''
Molgula robini''
Monniot & Monniot, 1983
* ''
Molgula robusta''
(Van Name, 1912)
* ''
Molgula romeri''
Hartmeyer, 1903
* ''
Molgula rotunda
''Molgula'', or sea grapes, are very common, globular, individual marine tunicates roughly the size of grapes.Sanamyan, K.; Monniot, C. (2012). Molgula Forbes, 1848. In: Noa Shenkar, Arjan Gittenberger, Gretchen Lambert, Marc Rius, Rosana Moreira ...
''
Oka, 1914
* ''
Molgula roulei''
Monniot C., 1969
* ''
Molgula sabulosa
''Molgula'', or sea grapes, are very common, globular, individual marine tunicates roughly the size of grapes.Sanamyan, K.; Monniot, C. (2012). Molgula Forbes, 1848. In: Noa Shenkar, Arjan Gittenberger, Gretchen Lambert, Marc Rius, Rosana Moreira ...
''
(Quoy & Gaimard, 1834)
* ''
Molgula salvadori
''Molgula'', or sea grapes, are very common, globular, individual marine tunicates roughly the size of grapes.Sanamyan, K.; Monniot, C. (2012). Molgula Forbes, 1848. In: Noa Shenkar, Arjan Gittenberger, Gretchen Lambert, Marc Rius, Rosana Moreira ...
''
Monniot, 1970
* ''
Molgula satyrus
''Molgula'', or sea grapes, are very common, globular, individual marine tunicates roughly the size of grapes.Sanamyan, K.; Monniot, C. (2012). Molgula Forbes, 1848. In: Noa Shenkar, Arjan Gittenberger, Gretchen Lambert, Marc Rius, Rosana Moreira ...
''
Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1993
* ''
Molgula scutata
''Molgula'', or sea grapes, are very common, globular, individual marine tunicates roughly the size of grapes.Sanamyan, K.; Monniot, C. (2012). Molgula Forbes, 1848. In: Noa Shenkar, Arjan Gittenberger, Gretchen Lambert, Marc Rius, Rosana Moreira ...
''
Millar, 1955
* ''
Molgula setigera''
Arnback, 1938
* ''
Molgula shimodensis''
Nishikawa, 1982
* ''
Molgula simplex''
Alder & Hancock, 1870
* ''
Molgula siphonalis''
Kiaer, 1896
* ''
Molgula siphonata''
Alder, 1850
* ''
Molgula sluiteri
''Molgula'', or sea grapes, are very common, globular, individual marine tunicates roughly the size of grapes.Sanamyan, K.; Monniot, C. (2012). Molgula Forbes, 1848. In: Noa Shenkar, Arjan Gittenberger, Gretchen Lambert, Marc Rius, Rosana Moreira ...
''
(Michaelsen, 1922)
* ''
Molgula socialis
''Molgula'', or sea grapes, are very common, globular, individual marine tunicates roughly the size of grapes.Sanamyan, K.; Monniot, C. (2012). Molgula Forbes, 1848. In: Noa Shenkar, Arjan Gittenberger, Gretchen Lambert, Marc Rius, Rosana Moreira ...
''
Alder, 1863
* ''
Molgula solenata
''Molgula'', or sea grapes, are very common, globular, individual marine tunicates roughly the size of grapes.Sanamyan, K.; Monniot, C. (2012). Molgula Forbes, 1848. In: Noa Shenkar, Arjan Gittenberger, Gretchen Lambert, Marc Rius, Rosana Moreira ...
''
(Lacaze-Duthiers, 1877)
* ''
Molgula somaliensis''
Millar, 1988
* ''
Molgula sphaera''
Kott, 1972
* ''
Molgula spiralis''
Kott, 1954
* ''
Molgula susana''
Monniot & Monniot, 1976
* ''
Molgula tagi''
Michaelsen, 1923
* ''
Molgula taprobane
''Molgula'', or sea grapes, are very common, globular, individual marine tunicates roughly the size of grapes.Sanamyan, K.; Monniot, C. (2012). Molgula Forbes, 1848. In: Noa Shenkar, Arjan Gittenberger, Gretchen Lambert, Marc Rius, Rosana Moreira ...
''
Herdman, 1906
* ''
Molgula tectiformis''
Nishikawa, 1991
* ''
Molgula tethys
''Molgula'', or sea grapes, are very common, globular, individual marine tunicates roughly the size of grapes.Sanamyan, K.; Monniot, C. (2012). Molgula Forbes, 1848. In: Noa Shenkar, Arjan Gittenberger, Gretchen Lambert, Marc Rius, Rosana Moreira ...
''
Monniot F. & Monniot C., 1974
* ''
Molgula topata''
Monniot & Monniot, 1987
* ''
Molgula tubifera''
(Orstedt, 1844)
* ''
Molgula tzetlini
''Molgula'', or sea grapes, are very common, globular, individual marine tunicates roughly the size of grapes.Sanamyan, K.; Monniot, C. (2012). Molgula Forbes, 1848. In: Noa Shenkar, Arjan Gittenberger, Gretchen Lambert, Marc Rius, Rosana Moreira ...
''
Sanamyan, 1993
* ''
Molgula undulata''
(Tokioka, 1949)
* ''
Molgula vara
''Molgula'', or sea grapes, are very common, globular, individual marine tunicates roughly the size of grapes.Sanamyan, K.; Monniot, C. (2012). Molgula Forbes, 1848. In: Noa Shenkar, Arjan Gittenberger, Gretchen Lambert, Marc Rius, Rosana Moreira ...
''
Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1979
* ''
Molgula variazizi''
Monniot, 1978
* ''
Molgula verrilli''
(Van Name, 1912)
* ''
Molgula verrucifera
''Molgula'', or sea grapes, are very common, globular, individual marine tunicates roughly the size of grapes.Sanamyan, K.; Monniot, C. (2012). Molgula Forbes, 1848. In: Noa Shenkar, Arjan Gittenberger, Gretchen Lambert, Marc Rius, Rosana Moreira ...
''
Ritter & Forsyth, 1917
* ''
Molgula xenophora
''Molgula'', or sea grapes, are very common, globular, individual marine tunicates roughly the size of grapes.Sanamyan, K.; Monniot, C. (2012). Molgula Forbes, 1848. In: Noa Shenkar, Arjan Gittenberger, Gretchen Lambert, Marc Rius, Rosana Moreira ...
''
Oka, 1914
References
Further reading
* Howson, C. M.; Picton, B. E. (Ed.) (1997). ''The species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the British Isles and surrounding seas''. Ulster Museum Publication, 276. The Ulster Museum: Belfast, UK. . vi, 508 (+ cd-rom) pp.
* Monniot, C. (2001). Ascidiacea & Sorberacea, in: Costello, M. J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). ''European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification''. Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50: pp. 352–355
* Sanamyan, K. (2007). ''Database of extant Ascidiacea''. Version of 2 November 2007
{{Taxonbar, from=Q4911667
Stolidobranchia
Tunicate genera