Mohammad ibn Masoud Ayyashi ( fa, محمد ابن مسعود عیاشی) or Mohammad ibn Masoud Ayyashi Samarqandi ( fa, محمد ابن مسعود عیاشی سمرقندی) (probably died on 932), known as Ayyashi ( fa, عیاشی), was an eminent

Shia Islam Shīʿa Islam or Shīʿīsm is the second-largest branch of Islam. It holds that the Islamic prophet Muhammad designated ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib as his successor (''khalīfa'') and the Imam (spiritual and political leader) after him, m ...

scholar. He had many works in the field of exegesis of the

Quran The Quran (, ; Standard Arabic: , Classical Arabic, Quranic Arabic: , , 'the recitation'), also romanized Qur'an or Koran, is the central religious text of Islam, believed by Muslims to be a revelation in Islam, revelation from God in Islam, ...

Islamic jurisprudence ''Fiqh'' (; ar, فقه ) is Islamic jurisprudence. Muhammad-> Companions-> Followers-> Fiqh. The commands and prohibitions chosen by God were revealed through the agency of the Prophet in both the Quran and the Sunnah (words, deeds, and e ...

Arabic literature Arabic literature ( ar, الأدب العربي / ALA-LC: ''al-Adab al-‘Arabī'') is the writing, both as prose and poetry, produced by writers in the Arabic language. The Arabic word used for literature is '' Adab'', which is derived from ...

and

hadith Ḥadīth ( or ; ar, حديث, , , , , , , literally "talk" or "discourse") or Athar ( ar, أثر, , literally "remnant"/"effect") refers to what the majority of Muslims believe to be a record of the words, actions, and the silent approval ...

. His exegesis of the

, known as

Tafsir Ayyashi Tafsir Ayyashi is an Imami Shia exegesis of the Quran, written by Mohammad ibn Masoud Ayyashi also known as al-ʿAyyashi (الـعـيـّاشـي d. 320 AH / 932 CE). The surviving text covers only up to the end of sura 18, 'The Cave'; more materi ...

, is his most famous book.

Birthplace and lineage

His full name was ''Mohammad ibn Masoud ibn Mohammad Ayyashi Salami Samarqandi'' ( fa, محمد بن مسعود بن محمد عیاشی سلمی سمرقندی) or ''Mohammad ibn Masoud Ayyashi Iraqi Kufi'' ( fa, محمد ابن مسعود بن عیاشی عراقی کوفی) and his kunya or

teknonymy Teknonymy (from grc-gre, τέκνον, "child" and grc-gre, ὄνομα, label=none, "name"), is the practice of referring to parents by the names of their children. This practice can be found in many different cultures around the world. The term ...

was ''Abu Nazr'' ( fa, ابوالنضر). From the date of his birth and the birthplace of him, has not been recorded in history and only he has been mentioned as

Samarkand fa, سمرقند , native_name_lang = , settlement_type = City , image_skyline = , image_caption = Clockwise from the top:Registan square, Shah-i-Zinda necropolis, Bibi-Khanym Mosque, view inside Shah-i-Zinda, ...

Iraq Iraq,; ku, عێراق, translit=Êraq officially the Republic of Iraq, '; ku, کۆماری عێراق, translit=Komarî Êraq is a country in Western Asia. It is bordered by Turkey to Iraq–Turkey border, the north, Iran to Iran–Iraq ...

i and

Kufi A kufi or kufi cap is a brimless, short, and rounded cap worn by men in many populations in North Africa, East Africa, West Africa, and South Asia. It is also worn by men throughout the African diaspora. It is also commonly called a "topi" o ...

. However, there is a narration which tells he was from ''Tamimi tribe''. The great

Shiite Shīʿa Islam or Shīʿīsm is the second-largest branch of Islam. It holds that the Islamic prophet Muhammad designated ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib as his successor (''khalīfa'') and the Imam (spiritual and political leader) after him, most ...

and

Sunni Sunni Islam () is the largest branch of Islam, followed by 85–90% of the world's Muslims. Its name comes from the word '' Sunnah'', referring to the tradition of Muhammad. The differences between Sunni and Shia Muslims arose from a disagr ...

scholars, such as: ''

Ibn al-Nadim Abū al-Faraj Muḥammad ibn Isḥāq al-Nadīm ( ar, ابو الفرج محمد بن إسحاق النديم), also ibn Abī Ya'qūb Isḥāq ibn Muḥammad ibn Isḥāq al-Warrāq, and commonly known by the ''nasab'' (patronymic) Ibn al-Nadīm ...

'', ''

Shaykh Tusi Shaykh Tusi ( fa, شیخ طوسی), full name ''Abu Jafar Muhammad Ibn Hassan Tusi'' ( ar, ابو جعفر محمد بن حسن طوسی), known as Shaykh al-Taʾifah ( ar, links=no, شيخ الطائفة) was a prominent Persian scholar of the ...

'', ''

Najashi Armah ( gez, አርማህ) or Aṣḥamah ( ar, أَصْحَمَة), commonly known as Najashi ( ar, النَّجَاشِيّ, translit=An-najāshī), was the ruler of the Kingdom of Aksum who reigned from 614–631 CE. He is primarily known th ...

'', ''

Ibn Shahr Ashub Zayn al-Dīn Abū Jaʿfar Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī ibn Shahrāshūb ibn Abī Naṣr ibn Abī al-Jaysh, more commonly known simply as Ibn Shahrāshūb, died 1192, was a literate Shia commentator, traditionist and jurist. He was an early eminent scholar ...

'', ''

Allamah Al-Hilli Jamāl ad-Dīn al-Ḥasan bin Yūsuf bin ʿAli bin al-Muṭahhar al-Ḥillī ( ar, جمال الدين الحسن بن يوسف الحلي; December 1250 – December 1325 CE), commonly known as Allāma Ḥelli ( fa, علامه حلی), was a T ...

'', ''Ibn Davoud Hilli'', ''Abdollah Mamaghani'', ''

Muhammad Ardabili Muhammad Ardabili (Persian: محمد ابن علی اردبیلی) was an eminent Shia transmitter of Muslim tradition in seventeenth century. Life His complete name was Muhammad Son of Ali Ardabili. there is little information about his life and ...

'', ''

Abbas Qomi Abbas Qomi ( fa, عباس قمی) also known as ''Mohaddith Qomi'' ( fa, محدث قمی) was a Shia scholar, historian, and hadith narrator. He wrote books, including Mafatih al-Janan. Biography Abbas Qomi was born in 1877 (1294 AH) in Qom, ...

'', ''

Agha Bozorg Tehrani Grand Ayatollah Sheikh Mohammed Mohsen Razi (محمد محسن بن علي بن محمد رضا الطهراني النجفي), popularly known as Agha (Aqa) Bozorg Tehrani () (11 Rabi-I 1293 – 13 Zul-Hijjah 1389 AH /7 April 1876 – 20 February ...

'' and ''Seyyed Hassan Sadr'' consider him from

Transoxiana Transoxiana or Transoxania (Land beyond the Oxus) is the Latin name for a region and civilization located in lower Central Asia roughly corresponding to modern-day eastern Uzbekistan, western Tajikistan, parts of southern Kazakhstan, parts of Tu ...

The father of ''Mohammad ibn Masoud Ayyashi'' was from a wealthy and well-known family in Samarkand. All of his fund was ''three hundred thousand

dinar The dinar () is the principal currency unit in several countries near the Mediterranean Sea, and its historical use is even more widespread. The modern dinar's historical antecedents are the gold dinar and the silver dirham, the main coin of ...

s'' of the common currency of that era. His son, ''Mohammad ibn Masoud Ayyashi'', spent all of the fund in spreading Islam science and literature and promoting the culture of

Ahl al-Bayt Ahl al-Bayt ( ar, أَهْل ٱلْبَيْت, ) refers to the family of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, but the term has also been extended in Sunni Islam to apply to all descendants of the Banu Hashim (Muhammad's clan) and even to all Muslims. ...

. ''Mohammad ibn Masoud Ayyashi'' was proficient in fields such as

Fiqh ''Fiqh'' (; ar, فقه ) is Islamic jurisprudence. Muhammad-> Companions-> Followers-> Fiqh. The commands and prohibitions chosen by God were revealed through the agency of the Prophet in both the Quran and the Sunnah (words, deeds, and ...

Politeness Politeness is the practical application of good manners or etiquette so as not to offend others. It is a culturally defined phenomenon, and therefore what is considered polite in one culture can sometimes be quite rude or simply eccentric in ano ...

Tafsir Tafsir ( ar, تفسير, tafsīr ) refers to exegesis, usually of the Quran. An author of a ''tafsir'' is a ' ( ar, مُفسّر; plural: ar, مفسّرون, mufassirūn). A Quranic ''tafsir'' attempts to provide elucidation, explanation, in ...

and

Hadith Ḥadīth ( or ; ar, حديث, , , , , , , literally "talk" or "discourse") or Athar ( ar, أثر, , literally "remnant"/"effect") refers to what the majority of Muslims believe to be a record of the words, actions, and the silent approval ...

and was considered one of the leading contemporary Shiite scholars with

Muhammad ibn Ya'qub al-Kulayni Abū Jaʿfar Muḥammad ibn Yaʿqūb ibn Iṣḥāq al Kulaynī ar Rāzī (Persian: ar, أَبُو جَعْفَر مُحَمَّد ٱبْن يَعْقُوب إِسْحَاق ٱلْكُلَيْنِيّ ٱلرَّازِيّ; c. 250 AH/864 CE � ...

. Mohammad Ali Modarres Tabrizi said that

Muhammad ibn Umar al-Kashshi Abū ʿAmr Muḥammad ibn ʿUmar ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz al-Kashshī ( ar, أبو عمرو محمد بن عمر بن عبد العزیز الکَشّي), died 941 or 951 or 978, known as al-Kashshi or (in Persian) as Kashshi, was a Twelver Shi'ite s ...

, the author of famous

rijal Biographical evaluation ( ar, عِلْمُ الرِّجال, ʿilm al-rijāl; literally meaning'' 'Knowledge of Men' , ''but more commonly understood as the ''Science of Narrators)'' refers to a discipline of Islam, Islamic religious studies wi ...

i book

Rijal al-Kashshi ( ar, اختیار معرفة الرجال), also known as the ( ar, رجال الکَشّي), is a Twelver Shi'ite work of biographical evaluation () originally written by Muhammad ibn Umar al-Kashshi ( 854–941/951) and abridged by Shaykh ...

, was one of the ''Ayyashi 's'' disciples. Modarres Tabrizi has also said that ''Ayyashi'' in sciences such as medicine, astronomy and jurisprudence has more than 200 volumes of books.

is one of his most important books, which is based on the assertions and hadiths of the Twelve Shiite Imams.

Education and career

Ayashi was originally

due to his birth in a predominantly Sunni area (which was around

and

Bukhara Bukhara (Uzbek language, Uzbek: /, ; tg, Бухоро, ) is the List of cities in Uzbekistan, seventh-largest city in Uzbekistan, with a population of 280,187 , and the capital of Bukhara Region. People have inhabited the region around Bukhara ...

), but after researching Shiite works, he converted to Shiism. He then traveled to

Kufa Kufa ( ar, الْكُوفَة ), also spelled Kufah, is a city in Iraq, about south of Baghdad, and northeast of Najaf. It is located on the banks of the Euphrates River. The estimated population in 2003 was 110,000. Currently, Kufa and Najaf ...

Baghdad Baghdad (; ar, بَغْدَاد , ) is the capital of Iraq and the second-largest city in the Arab world after Cairo. It is located on the Tigris near the ruins of the ancient city of Babylon and the Sassanid Persian capital of Ctesiphon ...

and

Qom Qom (also spelled as "Ghom", "Ghum", or "Qum") ( fa, قم ) is the seventh largest metropolis and also the seventh largest city in Iran. Qom is the capital of Qom Province. It is located to the south of Tehran. At the 2016 census, its popul ...

to study Islamic sciences. After studying in the

theological seminary A seminary, school of theology, theological seminary, or divinity school is an educational institution for educating students (sometimes called ''seminarians'') in scripture, theology, generally to prepare them for ordination to serve as clergy, ...

of Kufa, Baghdad and Qom, ''Ayyashi'' returned to Samarkand and taught and promoted religious and Shiite teachings at his house. It is said that his house, like a mosque, was full of Quran readers, hadith narrators, scholars, students and commentators. He held two sessions: a scientific meeting for the general public and another assembly for the students.

Bibliography

Two hundred and eight works in various scientific fields such as history, jurisprudence, literature, exegesis and astronomy have been mentioned for ''Ayyashi''. Unfortunately, most of his works have been lost. The remaining book

includes only the first half of it up to

Al-Kahf Al-Kahf ( ar, الكهف, ; The Cave) is the 18th chapter (sūrah) of the Quran with 110 verses ( āyāt). Regarding the timing and contextual background of the revelation (''asbāb al-nuzūl''), it is an earlier "Meccan surah", which mean ...

Sura A ''surah'' (; ar, سورة, sūrah, , ), is the equivalent of "chapter" in the Qur'an. There are 114 ''surahs'' in the Quran, each divided into '' ayats'' (verses). The chapters or ''surahs'' are of unequal length; the shortest surah ('' Al-K ...

, which was available in the cities of

Mashhad Mashhad ( fa, مشهد, Mašhad ), also spelled Mashad, is the List of Iranian cities by population, second-most-populous city in Iran, located in the relatively remote north-east of the country about from Tehran. It serves as the capital of R ...

, Zanjan,

Tabriz Tabriz ( fa, تبریز ; ) is a city in northwestern Iran, serving as the capital of East Azerbaijan Province. It is the List of largest cities of Iran, sixth-most-populous city in Iran. In the Quri Chay, Quru River valley in Iran's historic Aze ...

and

Kadhimiya Kadhimiya ( ar, ٱلْكَاظِمِيَّة, al-Kāẓimiyyah, ) or Kadhimayn (, ) is a northern neighbourhood of the city of Baghdad, Iraq. It is about from the city's center, on the west bank of the Tigris. 'Kadhimiya' is also the name of on ...

. The masters of these versions have been removed for brevity. Therefore, only the first volume of his exegesis works remains.

Muhammad Husayn Tabatabai Muhammad Husayn Tabataba'i or Sayyid Mohammad Hossein Tabataba'i (16 March 1903 – 15 November 1981) was an Iranian scholar, theorist, philosopher and one of the most prominent thinkers of modern Shia Islam. He is perhaps best known for his ''T ...

has spoken about the possibility of a second volume of the

in the southern regions of Iran. Some of his other works are as follows: * Mecca and the sanctuary in biography study ( fa, مکه و الحرم در سیره شناسی, links=no) * Opponents in poetry ( fa, المعاریض در شعر, links=no) * Poetry book ( fa, کتاب شعر, links=no) * The prophets and the saints ( ar, الانبیاء و الاولیاء, links=no) * Biography of Abi Bakr ( fa, سیره ابی بکر, links=no) * Biography of Umar ( fa, سیره عمر, links=no) * Biography of Uthman ( fa, سیره عثمان, links=no) * Biography of Muawiyah ( fa, سیره معاویه, links=no) * The Prayer ( ar, الصلوة, links=no) * The Ritual purity ( ar, الطهارة, links=no) * Brief of the Prayer ( ar, مختصر الصلوة, links=no) * The Funerals ( ar, الجنائز, links=no) * Brief of the Funerals ( ar, مختصر الجنائز, links=no) * The Rites ( ar, المناسک, links=no) * The scientist and the learner ( ar, العالم و المتعلم, links=no) * The Invitations ( ar, الدعوات, links=no) * The Zakat ( ar, الزکاة, links=no) * The Drinks ( ar, الاشربة, links=no) * The limit of sacrificial charity ( ar, حد الشار الاضاحی, links=no)

Ayyashi from the perspective of others

Demise

The exact date of death of ''Mohammad ibn Masoud Ayyashi'', despite all the investigations that have been carried out, has not been determined yet, only

Al-Zirikli Khayr al-Dīn al-Ziriklī ( ar, خير الدين الزركلي; June 25, 1893 – November 25, 1976) was a Syrian nationalist and poet in opposition to the French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon, historian, Syrian citizen and a diplomat in the ...

, author of al-Aʻlām, has considered the death date of ''Ayyashi'' in 932 AD (320 AH), but it is not clear from what source. It is probable that his death occurred in the same years as the death of

(864-941), considering that ''Ayyashi'' was a contemporary of him.

References

External links

Mohammad ibn Masoud Ayyashi on WikiShia

TAFSIR AL- AYYASHI AND RECOVERY OF THE CHAIN TRANSMITTERS OF TRADITIONS OF ASANID AL- AHADITH IN THE SHAWAHID AL- TANZIL

History and Historiography: An Entry from Encyclopaedia of the World of Islam – Google Books

Reviews of Isra'iliyyat in Interpreting the "Tafsir Ayyashi"

History of the commentators of the Qur`an
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ayyashi, Mohammad ibn Masoud 932 deaths Shia hadith scholars Shia clerics

Birthplace and lineage

Education and career

Bibliography

Ayyashi from the perspective of others

Demise

See also

References

External links