During the 1990s and the 2000s, the

French French (french: français(e), link=no) may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to France ** French language, which originated in France, and its various dialects and accents ** French people, a nation and ethnic group identified with Franc ...

governments A government is the system or group of people governing an organized community, generally a state. In the case of its broad associative definition, government normally consists of legislature, executive, and judiciary. Government is ...

have launched the modernization plans of French universities (in French, ''plans de modernisation des universités françaises''). Investments of the state had been important, especially for the development of new academic centers before and after May 1968. However, these two modernization plans have been more publicized.

2000 University

This plan was adopted by the Council of Ministers on 23 May 1990. With initial funding of 32 billion of

French francs The franc (, ; currency sign, sign: F or Fr), also commonly distinguished as the (FF), was a currency of France. Between 1360 and 1641, it was the name of coins worth 1 livre tournois and it remained in common parlance as a term for this amount ...

over five years (1991-1995), it would increase the number of premises, while the number of students was increasing. In 1994, operations were paid via the ''Contrat de projets État-région'' (Project contract state-region). The final funding was 40 billion francs (U2000 plan: 16.6; U2000 reported in CPER: 15.7, new operation in CPER: 8). This scheme has helped to build 3.5 million square meters of new buildings for higher education and research, including: * Eight

new universities In the UK, a post-1992 university, synonymous with new university or modern university, is a former polytechnic or central institution that was given university status through the Further and Higher Education Act 1992, or an institution that ...

, * 196 departments of UIT and 24 full UIT, * 7 European centers (become PRES).

University of the 3rd millennium

U3M plan, which combines state and local authorities, is a large-scale plan of the order of 50 billion of

. It is part of an overall approach, the schema utility of

higher education Higher education is tertiary education leading to award of an academic degree. Higher education, also called post-secondary education, third-level or tertiary education, is an optional final stage of formal learning that occurs after compl ...

and research. Like its predecessor, this plan has been largely funded through the CPER 2000-2006 (42 billion francs). It was more than build new premises but to rehabilitate the existing. A special effort was made to student life, 25% of the funding went to

libraries A library is a collection of materials, books or media that are accessible for use and not just for display purposes. A library provides physical (hard copies) or digital access (soft copies) materials, and may be a physical location or a vir ...

, restaurants and dormitories.

Campus Plan

The Campus Plan (in French, ''Plan campus''), differs from the other two by at least two points: * it concerns a limited number of campus; * it is done with public-private partnerships.

Large loan

Of the 35 billion euros of large loan,Le grand emprunt va "affaiblir" la notation de la France
/ref> 22 are for

and research. In particular: * Excellence initiatives (''initiatives d'excellence'') : 7.7 billion * Campus plan (''Plan campus'') receives 1.3 billion * Equipment of Excellence (''équipements d’excellence'') receive 1 billion * Laboratories of excellence (''laboratoires d’excellence''), 1 billion. * Each of these programs is organized by a tender in which institutions must meet. The ''Campus du plateau de Saclay'' (Saclay campus) receives a billion of euros.

Bibliography

* ''La gestion de leur patrimoine immobilier par les universités, condition d’une autonomie assumée'' (Management of their property by universities, provided autonomy assumed)

( Cour des comptes) * '' Jean-Léonce Dupont, Voyage au bout… de l'immobilier universitaire'' ( Jean-Léonce Dupont, Journey to the end... of the university buildings), 18 March 2003

( Sénat) * ''« Le programme U3M (université du troisième millénaire) » Bernard Toulemonde, Le système éducatif en France'' (U3M program (University of the Third Millennium)), La Documentation française, Paris, 2003, (), p. 104

References

{{authority control Education policy in France Universities and colleges in France 1990s in France 2000s in France 1990 in education 1990 establishments in France