Art Palace in Kraków, Poland, September 2019, 01

Young Poland ( pl, Młoda Polska) was a modernist period in

Polish Polish may refer to: * Anything from or related to Poland, a country in Europe * Polish language * Poles, people from Poland or of Polish descent * Polish chicken *Polish brothers (Mark Polish and Michael Polish, born 1970), American twin screenwr ...

visual arts, literature and music, covering roughly the years between 1890 and 1918. It was a result of strong

aesthetic Aesthetics, or esthetics, is a branch of philosophy that deals with the nature of beauty and taste, as well as the philosophy of art (its own area of philosophy that comes out of aesthetics). It examines aesthetic values, often expressed th ...

opposition to the earlier ideas of

Positivism Positivism is an empiricist philosophical theory that holds that all genuine knowledge is either true by definition or positive—meaning ''a posteriori'' facts derived by reason and logic from sensory experience.John J. Macionis, Linda M. G ...

. Young Poland promoted trends of decadence, neo-romanticism, symbolism, impressionism and

art nouveau Art Nouveau (; ) is an international style of art, architecture, and applied art, especially the decorative arts. The style is known by different names in different languages: in German, in Italian, in Catalan, and also known as the Modern ...

. Many of the exhibitions were held at the Palace of Art, also known as "Secession" (''Secesja''), the headquarters of the

Kraków Society of Friends of Fine Arts The Kraków Society of Friends of Fine Arts ( pl, Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Sztuk Pięknych w Krakowie, TPSP) is a social group of artists, artisans and their supporters founded in Kraków in 1854, under the Austrian Partition of Poland. Today, the ...

, in

Kraków Old Town Kraków Old Town is the historic central district of Kraków, Poland.Ingrid GustafsonLet's Go: Eastern EuropePublished by Macmillan, page 444. Let's Go Publications, 2008. It is one of the most famous old districts in Poland today and was the c ...

Philosophy

The term was coined in a

manifesto A manifesto is a published declaration of the intentions, motives, or views of the issuer, be it an individual, group, political party or government. A manifesto usually accepts a previously published opinion or public consensus or promotes a ...

by writer , published in 1898 in the Kraków newspaper ''

Życie ''Życie'' (, "Life") was an illustrated weekly established in 1897 and published in Kraków and Lwów in the Austrian partition of Poland. Founded by Ludwik Szczepański, with time it became one of the most popular Polish literary and artistic ...

'' (Life), and was soon adopted in all of

partitioned Poland Partition may refer to: Computing Hardware * Disk partitioning, the division of a hard disk drive * Memory partition, a subdivision of a computer's memory, usually for use by a single job Software * Partition (database), the division of a ...

by analogy to similar terms such as Young Germany,

Young Belgium ''La Jeune Belgique'' (meaning ''The Young Belgium'' in English) was a Belgian literary society and movement that published a French-language literary review ''La Jeune Belgique'' between 1880 and 1897. Both the society and magazine were founded b ...

, Young Scandinavia, etc.

Literature

Polish literature of the period was based on two main concepts. The earlier was a typically modernist disillusionment with the

bourgeoisie The bourgeoisie ( , ) is a social class, equivalent to the middle or upper middle class. They are distinguished from, and traditionally contrasted with, the proletariat by their affluence, and their great cultural and financial capital. They ...

, its life style and its culture. Artists following this concept also believed in decadence, an end of all culture, conflict between humans and their civilization, and the concept of art as the highest value ( art for art's sake). Authors who followed this concept included

Kazimierz Przerwa-Tetmajer Kazimierz Przerwa-Tetmajer (12 February 1865 – 18 January 1940) was a Polish Goral poet, novelist, playwright, journalist and writer. He was a member of the Young Poland movement. Life Kazimierz Przerwa-Tetmajer was born in Ludźmierz in Pod ...

Stanisław Przybyszewski Stanisław Przybyszewski (; 7 May 1868 – 23 November 1927) was a Polish novelist, dramatist, and poet of the decadent naturalistic school. His drama is associated with the Symbolist movement. He wrote both in German and in Polish. Life Stanis� ...

, Wacław Rolicz-Lieder and Jan Kasprowicz. A later concept was a continuation of romanticism, and as such is often called neo-romanticism. The group of writers following this idea was less organised and the writers themselves covered a large variety of topics in their writings: from sense of mission of a Pole in Stefan Żeromski's prose, through social inequality described by

Władysław Reymont Władysław Stanisław Reymont (, born Rejment; 7 May 1867 – 5 December 1925) was a Polish novelist and the 1924 laureate of the Nobel Prize in Literature. His best-known work is the award-winning four-volume novel '' Chłopi'' (''The Peasants ...

and

Gabriela Zapolska Maria Gabriela Stefania Korwin-Piotrowska (1857–1921), known as Gabriela Zapolska, was a Polish novelist, playwright, naturalist writer, feuilletonist, theatre critic and stage actress. Zapolska wrote 41 plays, 23 novels, 177 short stories, 25 ...

to criticism of Polish society and Polish history by Stanisław Wyspiański. Writers of this period include also:

Wacław Berent Wacław Berent (Warsaw, 28 September 1878 – 19 November or 22 November 1940, Warsaw) was a Polish novelist, essayist and literary translator from the Art Nouveau period, publishing under the pen names S.A.M. and Wł. Rawicz. He studied Natu ...

, Jan Kasprowicz, Jan Augustyn Kisielewski, Antoni Lange, Jan Lemański,

Bolesław Leśmian Bolesław Leśmian (born Bolesław Lesman; January 22, 1877The exact date of his birth is disputed: the act of birth mentions 1877, Leśmian himself used 1878, while the date mentioned on his tombstone is 1879. – November 5, 1937) was a Pol ...

, Tadeusz Miciński,

Andrzej Niemojewski Andrzej Niemojewski (24 January 1864 – 3 November 1921) was a Polish social and political activist, poet, rationalist and writer of the Young Poland period. God Jesus Niemojewski was best known as a proponent of the Christ myth theory. He ...

, Franciszek Nowicki,

Władysław Orkan Władysław Orkan (27 November 1875 – 14 May 1930) (actually born as ''Franciszek Ksawery Smaciarz'', changed surname to Smreczyński, but primarily known under his pen name, Orkan) was a Polish writer and poet from the Young Poland perio ...

Artur Oppman Artur Franciszek Oppman (August 14, 1867 – November 4, 1931) was a Polish poet of the Young Poland period, who wrote under the pen name "Or-Ot". Biography Oppman was born August 14, 1867, in Warsaw to a burgher family with German roots, which h ...

Włodzimierz Perzyński Włodzimierz Perzyński (6 July 1877 in Opoczno – 21 October 1930 in Warsaw) was a Polish writer and dramatist, who was a member of the Young Poland movement. His most famous plays include ''Lekkomyślna siostra'' (1907), ''Aszantka'' (1906), an ...

Tadeusz Rittner Tadeusz Rittner (pseudonym: Tomasz Czaszka; May 31, 1873 – June 19, 1921) was a Polish dramatist, prose writer, and literary critic. Rittner was born in Lemberg, Austro-Hungarian Empire Austria-Hungary, often referred to as the Austro-Hunga ...

, Wacław Sieroszewski, Leopold Staff, Kazimierz Przerwa-Tetmajer, Maryla Wolska, Eleonora Kalkowska, Tadeusz Boy-Żeleński, and

Jerzy Żuławski Jerzy Żuławski (; 14 July 1874 – 9 August 1915) was a Polish literary figure, philosopher, translator, alpinist and patriot whose best-known work is the science-fiction epic, '' Trylogia Księżycowa'' (''The Lunar Trilogy''), written be ...

Music

In music, the term ''Young Poland'' is applied to an informal group of composers that include

Karol Szymanowski Karol Maciej Szymanowski (; 6 October 188229 March 1937) was a Polish composer and pianist. He was a member of the modernist Young Poland movement that flourished in the late 19th and early 20th century. Szymanowski's early works show the inf ...

Grzegorz Fitelberg Grzegorz Fitelberg (18 October 1879 – 10 June 1953) was a Polish conductor, violinist and composer. He was a member of the Young Poland group, together with artists such as Karol Szymanowski, Ludomir Różycki and Mieczysław Karłowicz. Life ...

Ludomir Różycki Ludomir Różycki (; 18 September 1883 Warsaw – 1 January 1953 Katowice) was a Polish composer and conductor. He was, with Mieczysław Karłowicz, Karol Szymanowski and Grzegorz Fitelberg, a member of the group of composers known as ''Y ...

as well as Mieczysław Karłowicz and Apolinary Szeluto. Almost all educated by Zygmunt Noskowski, the group was under strong influence of neoromanticism in music and especially of foreign composers such as

Richard Strauss Richard Georg Strauss (; 11 June 1864 – 8 September 1949) was a German composer, conductor, pianist, and violinist. Considered a leading composer of the late Romantic and early modern eras, he has been described as a successor of Richard Wag ...

Richard Wagner Wilhelm Richard Wagner ( ; ; 22 May 181313 February 1883) was a German composer, theatre director, polemicist, and conductor who is chiefly known for his operas (or, as some of his mature works were later known, "music dramas"). Unlike most op ...

and those belonging to

The Mighty Handful The Five ( rus, link=no, Могучая кучка, lit. ''Mighty Bunch''), also known as the Mighty Handful, The Mighty Five, and the New Russian School, were five prominent 19th-century Russian composers who worked together to create a distinct ...

group e.g. Modest Mussorgsky,

Alexander Borodin Alexander Porfiryevich Borodin ( rus, link=no, Александр Порфирьевич Бородин, Aleksandr Porfir’yevich Borodin , p=ɐlʲɪkˈsandr pɐrˈfʲi rʲjɪvʲɪtɕ bərɐˈdʲin, a=RU-Alexander Porfiryevich Borodin.ogg, ...

and

Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov Nikolai Andreyevich Rimsky-Korsakov . At the time, his name was spelled Николай Андреевичъ Римскій-Корсаковъ. la, Nicolaus Andreae filius Rimskij-Korsakov. The composer romanized his name as ''Nicolas Rimsk ...

Visual arts

In the period of Young Poland there were no overwhelming trends in Polish art. The painters and sculptors tried to continue the romantic traditions with new ways of expression popularised abroad. The most influential trend was art nouveau, although Polish artists started to seek also some form of a national style (including '' styl zakopiański'' or the Zakopane style). Both sculpture and painting were also heavily influenced by all forms of symbolism. Prominent Young Poland painters and sculptors include: *

Ferdynand Ruszczyc Ferdynand Ruszczyc (1870–1936) was Polish painter, printmaker, and stage designer. He was a member of the aristocratic Ruszczyc de Lis family. Biography Born in the village of Bohdanów (then Russian Empire, now Belarus), Ruszczyc spent his ...

Jacek Malczewski Jacek Malczewski (; 15 July 1854 – 8 October 1929) was a Polish symbolist painter who is one of the most revered painters of Poland, associated with the patriotic Young Poland movement following a century of Partitions. He is regarded as the f ...

* Jan Bukowski * Jan Raszka * Jan Stanisławski *

Jan Talaga Jan, JaN or JAN may refer to: Acronyms * Jackson, Mississippi (Amtrak station), US, Amtrak station code JAN * Jackson-Evers International Airport, Mississippi, US, IATA code * Jabhat al-Nusra (JaN), a Syrian militant group * Japanese Article Numb ...

* Julian Fałat * Józef Mehoffer *

Józef Pankiewicz Józef Pankiewicz (29 November 1866, in Lublin – 4 July 1940, in La Ciotat) was a Polish impressionist painter, graphic artist and teacher who spent much of his career in France. Biography From 1884 to 1885, he studied at the School of Fine Ar ...

Karol Frycz Karol may refer to: Places * Karol, Gujarat, a village on Saurashtra peninsula in Gujarat, west India * Karol State, a former Rajput petty princely state with seat in the above town Film/TV *'' Karol: A Man Who Became Pope'', a 2005 miniseries *' ...

* Kazimierz Sichulski *

Konstanty Brandel Konstanty Brandel (1880–1970) was a Polish painter and graphic artist. He is a notable contributor to the Young Poland movement. He studied at the Académie Vitti The Académie Vitti was an art school in Paris, France. It was founded and oper ...

* Konstanty Laszczka * Leon Wyczółkowski * Ludwik Konarzewski *

Maurycy Lilien Maurycy is a given name. Notable people with the name include: *Jan Maurycy Pawel Cardinal Puzyna de Kosielsko (1842–1911), Polish Roman Catholic Cardinal * Maurycy Beniowski or Maurice Benyovszky (1746–1786), explorer, colonizer, writer, ches ...

Olga Boznańska Olga Boznańska (15 April 1865 – 26 October 1940) was a Polish painter of the turn of the 20th century. She was a notable painter in Poland and Europe, and was stylistically associated with the French impressionism, though she rejected this lab ...

* Stanisław Wyspiański * Teodor Axentowicz *

Teofil Terlecki Teofil may refer to: *Teofil Żebrawski (1800–1887), Polish mathematician, bibliographer, architect, biologist, archeologist, cartographer and geodesist *Teofil Adamecki (1886–1969), Polish lawyer and activist *Teofil Kwiatkowski (1809–1891), ...

Wacław Szymanowski Wacław Szymanowski (23 August 185922 July 1930) was a Polish sculptor and painter. He is best known for his statue of composer Frédéric Chopin in Warsaw's Royal Baths Park (Łazienki Park). Life Szymanowski was born in Warsaw and was the so ...

Witold Wojtkiewicz Witold Wojtkiewicz (29 December 1879, Warsaw – 14 June 1909, Warsaw) was a Polish painter, illustrator and printmaker. Although generally considered an Expressionist, some of his works are precursors of Surrealism. Biography He came from a ...

* Wojciech Gerson * Wojciech Kossak * Wojciech Weiss *

Władysław Ślewiński Władysław Ślewiński (1 June 1856, in Nowy Białynin – 24 March 1918, in Paris) was a Polish painter. He was one of Gauguin's students and a leading artist of the Young Poland movement. Biography He was born to a landowning family and his ...

* Włodzimierz Przerwa-Tetmajer * Xawery Dunikowski

Notes and references

Stanisław Wyspiański, biography from the Adam Mickiewicz Institute First review of ''Wesele'' (''The Wedding Reception'')

* ttp://artyzm.com/e_artysta.php?id=688 Wyspiański’s paintingsbr>Wyspiański stained-glasses

Kultura polska - Konstanty Laszczka

Bibliography

*Dobrowolski Tadeusz, ''Sztuka Młodej Polski'', Warszawa 1963. *''Słownik artystów polskich i obcych w Polsce działających.'' Malarze, rzeźbiarze, graficy, t. II, Wrocław 1975 (Urszula Leszczyńska). *Puciata-Pawłowska Joanna, ''Konstanty Laszczka'', Siedlce 1980.

External links

* {{Authority control 1890s in Poland 1900s in Poland 1910s in Poland Cultural history of Poland Modern art Art Nouveau Decadent literature Impressionism Neo-romanticism Symbolism (arts) 19th-century Polish literature 20th-century Polish literature