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Ulica Miła 18 (or 18 Pleasant Street in
The bunker at Miła 18 was constructed by a group of underworld
In July 1945 survivors of the Jewish Underground (Among them Sztetl org Mila 18 Bunker site photograph
/ref> The bodies of Jewish fighters were not exhumed after 1945 and the place gained the status of war memorial. In 1946, the monument known as Anielewicz Mound, made of the rubble of Miła houses, was erected. A commemorative stone with the inscription in
In 2006, a new obelisk designed by Hanna Szmalenberg and Marek Moderau was added to the memorial. The inscription in Polish, English and Yiddish reads:
The names of 51 Jewish fighters whose identities have been established by historians are engraved on the front of the obelisk.
Although it is often claimed that Miła 18 was the last shelter in the Ghetto to fall, this was not the case (according to
* Chaim Akerman
* Małka Alterman
*
English
English usually refers to:
* English language
* English people
English may also refer to:
Peoples, culture, and language
* ''English'', an adjective for something of, from, or related to England
** English national ide ...
) was the headquarters
Headquarters (commonly referred to as HQ) denotes the location where most, if not all, of the important functions of an organization are coordinated. In the United States, the corporate headquarters represents the entity at the center or the to ...
"bunker
A bunker is a defensive military fortification designed to protect people and valued materials from falling bombs, artillery, or other attacks. Bunkers are almost always underground, in contrast to blockhouses which are mostly above ground. ...
" (actually a hidden shelter) of the Jewish Combat Organization (ŻOB), a Jewish resistance group in the Warsaw Ghetto
The Warsaw Ghetto (german: Warschauer Ghetto, officially , "Jewish Residential District in Warsaw"; pl, getto warszawskie) was the largest of the Nazi ghettos during World War II and the Holocaust. It was established in November 1940 by the G ...
in Poland during World War II
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...
.
History
The bunker at Miła 18 was constructed by a group of underworld smugglers
Smuggling is the illegal transportation of objects, substances, information or people, such as out of a house or buildings, into a prison, or across an international border, in violation of applicable laws or other regulations.
There are various ...
in 1943. The ŻOB fighters arrived there after their own hideout, at 29 Miła Street, had been discovered. The smugglers who had built it were helping the ŻOB as guides.
From the Stroop Report 7 May 1943:
From the Stroop Report 8 May 1943:
On 8 May 1943, three weeks after the start of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising; pl, powstanie w getcie warszawskim; german: link=no, Aufstand im Warschauer Ghetto was the 1943 act of Jewish resistance in the Warsaw Ghetto in German-occupied Poland during World War II to oppose Nazi Germany's ...
, when the bunker was found out by the Nazis, there were around 300 people inside. The smugglers surrendered, but the ŻOB command, including Mordechaj Anielewicz
Mordechai Anielewicz ( he, מרדכי אנילביץ'; 1919 – 8 May 1943) was the leader of the Jewish Fighting Organization ( pl, Żydowska Organizacja Bojowa, ŻOB), which led the Warsaw Ghetto uprising; the largest Jewish insurrection duri ...
, the leader of the uprising, stood firm. The Nazis threw tear gas
Tear gas, also known as a lachrymator agent or lachrymator (), sometimes colloquially known as "mace" after the early commercial aerosol, is a chemical weapon that stimulates the nerves of the lacrimal gland in the eye to produce tears. In ad ...
into the shelter to force the occupants out. Anielewicz, his girlfriend Mira Fuchrer
Mira Fuchrer ( he, מירה פוכרר; 1920 – 8 May 1943) was a Polish Jewish activist of the Jewish resistance movement in the Warsaw Ghetto during the occupation of Poland in World War II; member of the Jewish Combat Organization (ŻOB), and ...
and many of his staff committed mass suicide
Mass suicide is a form of suicide, occurring when a group of people simultaneously kill themselves.
Overview
Mass suicide sometimes occurs in religious settings. In war, defeated groups may resort to mass suicide rather than being captured. Su ...
by ingesting poison rather than surrender, though a few fighters who did neither managed to get out of a rear exit and later fled from the ghetto through the canals to the "Aryan side" at Prosta Street on May 10.
Remembrance
In July 1945 survivors of the Jewish Underground (Among them Simcha Rotem
Simcha Rotem (born Simcha (Szymon) Rathajzer, also known by his nom de guerre Kazik; 24 February 1924 – 22 December 2018) was a Polish-Israeli veteran who was a member of the Jewish underground in Warsaw and served as the head courier of the ...
) visited the ruins above the Command bunker./ref> The bodies of Jewish fighters were not exhumed after 1945 and the place gained the status of war memorial. In 1946, the monument known as Anielewicz Mound, made of the rubble of Miła houses, was erected. A commemorative stone with the inscription in
Polish
Polish may refer to:
* Anything from or related to Poland, a country in Europe
* Polish language
* Poles
Poles,, ; singular masculine: ''Polak'', singular feminine: ''Polka'' or Polish people, are a West Slavic nation and ethnic group, w ...
and Yiddish
Yiddish (, or , ''yidish'' or ''idish'', , ; , ''Yidish-Taytsh'', ) is a West Germanic language historically spoken by Ashkenazi Jews. It originated during the 9th century in Central Europe, providing the nascent Ashkenazi community with a ver ...
was placed on top of the mound.
In 2006, a new obelisk designed by Hanna Szmalenberg and Marek Moderau was added to the memorial. The inscription in Polish, English and Yiddish reads:
The names of 51 Jewish fighters whose identities have been established by historians are engraved on the front of the obelisk.
Although it is often claimed that Miła 18 was the last shelter in the Ghetto to fall, this was not the case (according to Jürgen Stroop
Jürgen Stroop (born Josef Stroop, 26 September 1895 – 6 March 1952) was a German SS commander during the Nazi era, who served as SS and Police Leader in occupied Poland and Greece. He led the suppression of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising in 19 ...
, his men took 30 "bunkers" on 12 May alone). It should be also noted that the current street numbering in Mila Street does not correspond to the wartime numbering: the memorial is nowadays at the intersection of Miła and Dubois streets while the current Miła 18 is an apartment block around 700 metres to the west.
Jewish fighters who died at Miła 18
* Chaim Akerman
* Małka Alterman
* Mordechaj Anielewicz
Mordechai Anielewicz ( he, מרדכי אנילביץ'; 1919 – 8 May 1943) was the leader of the Jewish Fighting Organization ( pl, Żydowska Organizacja Bojowa, ŻOB), which led the Warsaw Ghetto uprising; the largest Jewish insurrection duri ...
* Nate Bartmeser
* Heniek Bartowicz
* Franka Berman
* Tosia Berman
* Icchak Blaustein
* Melach Błones
* Berl Braude
* Icchak Chadasz
* Nesia Cukier
* Icchak Dembiński
* Józef Fass
* Efraim Fondamiński
* Towa Frenkel
* Emus Frojnd
* Mira Fuchrer
Mira Fuchrer ( he, מירה פוכרר; 1920 – 8 May 1943) was a Polish Jewish activist of the Jewish resistance movement in the Warsaw Ghetto during the occupation of Poland in World War II; member of the Jewish Combat Organization (ŻOB), and ...
* Wolf Gold
* Miriam Hajnsdorf
* Aron Halzband
* Rut Hejman
* Mira Izbicka
* Salke Kamień
* Ziuta Klejnman
* Jaffa Lewender
* Lolek (''first name only'')
* Sewek Nulman
* Abraham Orwacz
* Rywka Pasamonik
* Majloch Perelman
* Aron Rajzband
* Lutek Rotblat
* Miriam Rotblat
* Jardena Rozenberg
* Salka (''first name only'')
* Jerzy Sarnak
* Szmuel Sobol
* Basia Sylman
* Szyja Szpancer
* Moniek Sztengel
* Szulamit Szuszkowska
* Mojsze Waksfeld
* Olek Wartowicz
* Icchak Wichter
* Arie Wilner
Izrael Chaim Wilner, ''nom de guerre'' "Arie" and "Jurek" (November 14, 1917 – May 8, 1943) was a Jewish resistance fighter during World War II, member of the Jewish Fighting Organization's (ŻOB) leadership, a liaison between ŻOB and the Pol ...
* Zeew Wortman
* Hirsz Wroński
* Rachelka Zylberberg
* Moszek Zylbertszajn
* Sara Żagiel
References
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mila 18 Warsaw Ghetto Uprising Buildings and structures in Warsaw History of Warsaw Infrastructure completed in 1943 Jewish resistance during the Holocaust Jewish Polish history Mass suicides Monuments and memorials in Warsaw Tourist attractions in Warsaw