''Misszhouia'' is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial n ...

of small to average sized (up to long) marine

arthropod Arthropods (, (gen. ποδός)) are invertebrate animals with an exoskeleton, a Segmentation (biology), segmented body, and paired jointed appendages. Arthropods form the phylum Arthropoda. They are distinguished by their jointed limbs and Arth ...

s within the Naraoiidae family, that lived during the early

Cambrian The Cambrian Period ( ; sometimes symbolized Ꞓ) was the first geological period of the Paleozoic Era, and of the Phanerozoic Eon. The Cambrian lasted 53.4 million years from the end of the preceding Ediacaran Period 538.8 million years ag ...

period. The only species presently known is ''Misszhouia longicaudata'' (the genus is

monotypic In biology, a monotypic taxon is a taxonomic group (taxon) that contains only one immediately subordinate taxon. A monotypic species is one that does not include subspecies or smaller, infraspecific taxa. In the case of genera, the term "unispec ...

) and the

holotype A holotype is a single physical example (or illustration) of an organism, known to have been used when the species (or lower-ranked taxon) was formally described. It is either the single such physical example (or illustration) or one of seve ...

was discovered in 1984.

Etymology

''Misszhouia'' was named after "Miss Zhou" (Zhou Guiqin), to honour her for her skilled preparation of Chengjiang fossils.

Description

''Misszhouia longicaudata'' is almost flat (dorso-ventrally). The upper (or dorsal) side of the body consists of a non-calcified headshield ( cephalon) and tailshield ( pygidium) without body segments between. The body is narrowed at the articulation between cephalon and pygidium. The long many-segmented antennae are directed forward. There are no eyes. The gut has a relatively small diameter, and there are four pairs of relatively small digestive sacs (or caeca) in the cephalon only, and no branches towards the edge of the cephalon (unlike '' Naraoia''). There are 25 limb pairs with two branches on a common base, like ''Naraoia'' and

trilobite Trilobites (; meaning "three lobes") are extinct marine arthropods that form the class Trilobita. Trilobites form one of the earliest-known groups of arthropods. The first appearance of trilobites in the fossil record defines the base of the ...

s. The outer branch (or exopod) has many parallel long fine flattened side branches (setae) that probably functioned as gills with a large surface area. This exopod is attached along the whole length of the base segment ( coxa) and at least the proximal part of the first segment of the inner branch ( endopod). The shaft of the exopod tapers gently towards its tip. The endopod is composed of seven

podomere The arthropod leg is a form of jointed appendage of arthropods, usually used for walking. Many of the terms used for arthropod leg segments (called podomeres) are of Latin origin, and may be confused with terms for bones: ''coxa'' (meaning hip, plu ...

s including a terminal claw.

Differences from ''Naraoia''

The sister genus ''Naraoia'' differ from ''Misszhouia longicaudata'' in having the following characteristics: *A large, ramifying anterior pair of digestive branches (or diverticula) almost reaching the cephalon edges. *A bloated, mud-filled gut. *Laterally deflected antennae.

Distribution

''Misszhouia'' has been collected from the Lower Cambrian (late

Atdabanian Cambrian Stage 3 is the still unnamed third stage of the Cambrian. It succeeds Cambrian Stage 2 and precedes Cambrian Stage 4, although neither its base nor top have been formally defined. The plan is for its lower boundary to correspond approxi ...

) of China (Yu'anshan Member of the Heilinpu Formation at Maotia’shan, the classic Chengjiang locality). It has also been found in the Niutitang Formation.

Ecology

All Naraoids were probably marine bottom dwellers. ''Misszhouia'' probably lived as a

predator Predation is a biological interaction where one organism, the predator, kills and eats another organism, its prey. It is one of a family of common feeding behaviours that includes parasitism and micropredation (which usually do not kill ...

scavenger Scavengers are animals that consume dead organisms that have died from causes other than predation or have been killed by other predators. While scavenging generally refers to carnivores feeding on carrion, it is also a herbivorous feeding b ...

. This can be deduced from the robust and spiny basal segments of the legs, which resemble the gnathobases of trilobites. These were likely used for chewing. Such

carnivorous A carnivore , or meat-eater (Latin, ''caro'', genitive ''carnis'', meaning meat or "flesh" and ''vorare'' meaning "to devour"), is an animal or plant whose food and energy requirements derive from animal tissues (mainly muscle, fat and other ...

behaviour is confirmed by the relatively small digestive system, that indicates high nutrition value food.

Taxonomy

''Misszhouia longicaudata'' was formerly considered a member of the genus ''Naraoia'', originally known as "''Naraoia longicaudata''", until separated in 1997.

References

External links

''Misszhouia longicaudata''
The Virtual Fossil Museum {{Taxonbar, from=Q1939241 Nektaspida Maotianshan shales fossils Cambrian arthropods Paleozoic life of British Columbia Cambrian genus extinctions