Miquel's Theorem

Miquel's theorem is a result in geometry, named after Auguste Miquel, concerning the intersection of three circles, each drawn through one vertex of a triangle and two points on its adjacent sides. It is one of several results concerning circles in Euclidean geometry due to Miquel, whose work was published in Liouville's newly founded journal ''Journal de mathématiques pures et appliquées''.

Formally, let ''ABC'' be a triangle, with arbitrary points ''A´'', ''B´'' and ''C´'' on sides ''BC'', ''AC'', and ''AB'' respectively (or their extensions). Draw three circumcircles (Miquel's circles) to triangles ''AB´C´'', ''A´BC´'', and ''A´B´C''. Miquel's theorem states that these circles intersect in a single point ''M'', called the Miquel point. In addition, the three angles ''MA´B'', ''MB´C'' and ''MC´A'' (green in the diagram) are all equal, as are the three supplementary angles ''MA´C'', ''MB´A'' and ''MC´B''. - Wells refers to Miquel's theorem as the pivot theorem

The theorem (and its corollary) follow from the properties of cyclic quadrilaterals. Let the circumcircles of A'B'C and AB'C' meet at $M \ne B'.$ Then $\angle A'MC' = 2\pi - \angle B'MA' - \angle C'MB' = 2\pi - (\pi - C) - (\pi - A) = A + C = \pi - B,$ hence BA'MC' is cyclic as desired.

Pivot theorem

If in the statement of Miquel's theorem the points ''A´'', ''B´'' and ''C´'' form a triangle (that is, are not collinear) then the theorem was named the Pivot theorem in . (In the diagram these points are labeled ''P'', ''Q'' and ''R''.)

If ''A´'', ''B´'' and ''C´'' are collinear then the Miquel point is on the circumcircle of ∆ABC and conversely, if the Miquel point is on this circumcircle, then ''A´'', ''B´'' and ''C´'' are on a line.

Trilinear coordinates of the Miquel point

If the fractional distances of ''A´'', ''B´'' and ''C´'' along sides ''BC'' (''a''), ''CA'' (''b'') and ''AB'' (''c'') are ''d''_''a'', ''d''_''b'' and ''d''_''c'', respectively, the Miquel point, in trilinear coordinates (''x'' : ''y'' : ''z''), is given by:

:$x=a \left(-a^2 d_a d_a' + b^2 d_a d_b + c^2 d_a' d_c' \right)$
:$y=b \left(a^2 d_a' d_b' - b^2 d_b d_b' + c^2 d_b d_c \right)$
:$z=c \left(a^2 d_a d_c + b^2 d_b' d_c' - c^2 d_c d_c' \right),$

where ''d_''a'' = 1 - ''d''_''a'', ''etc.''

In the case ''d''_''a'' = ''d''_''b'' = ''d''_''c'' = ½ the Miquel point is the circumcenter .

A converse of Miquel's theorem

The theorem can be reversed to say: for three circles intersecting at ''M'', a line can be drawn from any point ''A'' on one circle, through its intersection ''C´'' with another to give ''B'' (at the second intersection). ''B'' is then similarly connected, via intersection at ''A´'' of the second and third circles, giving point ''C''. Points ''C'', ''A'' and the remaining point of intersection, ''B´'', will then be collinear, and triangle ''ABC'' will always pass through the circle intersections ''A´'', ''B´'' and ''C´''.

Similar inscribed triangle

If the inscribed triangle ''XYZ'' is similar to the reference triangle ''ABC'', then the point ''M'' of concurrence of the three circles is fixed for all such ''XYZ''.Francisco Javier Garc ́ıa Capita ́n, "Locus of Centroids of Similar Inscribed Triangles", ''Forum Geometricorum'' 16, 2016, 257–267.http://forumgeom.fau.edu/FG2016volume16/FG201631.pdf

Miquel and Steiner's quadrilateral theorem

The circumcircles of all four triangles of a Complete quadrangle, complete quadrilateral meet at a point ''M''. In the diagram above these are ∆ABF, ∆CDF, ∆ADE and ∆BCE.

This result was announced, in two lines, by Jakob Steiner in the 1827/1828 issue of Joseph Diaz Gergonne, Gergonne's ''Annales de Mathématiques'', but a detailed proof was given by Miquel.

Miquel's pentagon theorem

Let ABCDE be a convex pentagon. Extend all sides until they meet in five points F,G,H,I,K and draw the circumcircles of the five triangles CFD, DGE, EHA, AIB and BKC. Then the second intersection points (other than A,B,C,D,E), namely the new points M,N,P,R and Q are concyclic (lie on a circle). See diagram.

The converse result is known as the Five circles theorem.

Miquel's six circle theorem

Given points, ''A'', ''B'', ''C'', and ''D'' on a circle, and circles passing through each adjacent pair of points, the alternate intersections of these four circles at ''W'', ''X'', ''Y'' and ''Z'' then lie on a common circle. This is known as the six circles theorem. It is also known as the four circles theorem and while generally attributed to Jakob Steiner the only known published proof was given by Miquel. David G. Wells refers to this as Miquel's theorem.

Three-dimensional version of Miquel's theorem

There is also a three-dimensional analog, in which the four spheres passing through a point of a tetrahedron and points on the edges of the tetrahedron intersect in a common point.

See also

* Clifford's circle theorems
* Bundle theorem
* Miquel configuration

Notes

References

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External links

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* {{MathWorld, title=Pivot theorem, urlname=PivotTheorem

Miquels' Theorem as a special case of a generalization of Napoleon's Theorem
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Theorems about triangles and circles