Minor Losses In Pipe Flow
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Minor losses in
pipe flow In fluid mechanics, pipe flow is a type of liquid flow within a closed conduit, such as a pipe or tube. The other type of flow within a conduit is open channel flow. These two types of flow are similar in many ways, but differ in one important as ...
are a major part in calculating the flow, pressure, or energy reduction in
piping Within industry, piping is a system of pipes used to convey fluids (liquids and gases) from one location to another. The engineering discipline of piping design studies the efficient transport of fluid. Industrial process piping (and accomp ...
systems. Liquid moving through pipes carries momentum and energy due to the forces acting upon it such as pressure and gravity. Just as certain aspects of the system can increase the fluids energy, there are components of the system that act against the fluid and reduce its energy, velocity, or momentum. Friction and minor losses in pipes are major contributing factors.


Friction Losses

Before being able to use the minor head losses in an equation, the losses in the system due to friction must also be calculated. Equation for friction losses: H_=(\sum_L_)f H_= Frictional head loss v= Downstream velocity g = Gravity of Earth R_h = Hydraulic radius \sum_L_ =Total length of piping f =
Fanning friction factor The Fanning friction factor, named after John Thomas Fanning, is a dimensionless number used as a local parameter in continuum mechanics calculations. It is defined as the ratio between the local shear stress and the local flow kinetic energy ...


Total Head Loss

After both minor losses and friction losses have been calculated, these values can be summed to find the total head loss. Equation for total head loss, H_L, can be simplified and rewritten as: H_= 2\sum_L_)f+R_h(\sum_e_)/math> H_= Frictional head loss v= Downstream velocity g = Gravity of Earth R_h = Hydraulic radius \sum_L_ =Total length of piping f =
Fanning friction factor The Fanning friction factor, named after John Thomas Fanning, is a dimensionless number used as a local parameter in continuum mechanics calculations. It is defined as the ratio between the local shear stress and the local flow kinetic energy ...
\sum_e_{v,i}= Sum of all kinetic energy factors in system Once calculated, the total head loss can be used to solve the Bernoulli Equation and find unknown values of the system.


See also

*
Hydraulic head Hydraulic head or piezometric head is a specific measurement of liquid pressure above a vertical datum., 410 pages. See pp. 43–44., 650 pages. See p. 22. It is usually measured as a liquid surface elevation, expressed in units of length, ...
* Total dynamic head


Notes

Piping Fluid dynamics